Biology 121 Exam 1 Practice Questions and Correct Answers
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Course
BIO 121
Institution
BIO 121
Metabolism the entirety of an organism's chemical reactions
Metabolic pathway starts with starting molecule, reaction occurs with catalyst to create new molecule, happens more until end product is made
Catabolic pathway releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds
An...
Biology 121 Exam 1 Practice Questions
and Correct Answers
Metabolism ✅the entirety of an organism's chemical reactions
Metabolic pathway ✅starts with starting molecule, reaction occurs with catalyst to
create new molecule, happens more until end product is made
Catabolic pathway ✅releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into
simpler compounds
Anabolic pathway ✅consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones,
biosynthetic pathway
Energy ✅the capacity to do work
Kinetic energy ✅relative motion of objects, energy of motion
Thermal energy ✅kinetic energy, random movement of molecules, transfer of this from
one object to another is heat
Potential energy ✅not moving energy but still possesses energy, like water behind a
dam, heat and light
Chemical energy ✅potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction,
potential energy
First law of thermodynamics ✅energy of the universe is constant, energy cannot be
created or destroyed
Usable energy ✅Energy that can easily be transformed to other kinds of energy to
serve a useful purpose
Second law of thermodynamics ✅energy transfer or transformation increases the
entropy of the universe
Entropy ✅a measure of molecular disorder or randomness
Spontaneous ✅energetically favorable, increases entropy by itself, no input of energy
is required, negative ΔG, doesn't necessarily happen fast
, Free energy ✅the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when
temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system
Gibbs free energy equation ✅ΔG = ΔH(enthalpy) - TΔS(temp in k and entropy)
Change in free energy ✅∆G= Gfinal-Ginitial
Equilibrium ✅state of maximum stability, the body can't be in this state
Exergonic ✅energy outward, net release of free energy, negative ΔG, spontaneous,
more stable, less work capacity
Endergonic ✅energy inward, absorbs energy, stores free energy, ΔG is positive, not
spontaneous, less stable, more work capacity
Chemical work ✅the pushing of endergonic reactions that would not occur
spontaneously, like making polymers from monomers
Transport work ✅moving substances across membranes against direction of
spontaneous movement
Mechanical work ✅beating of cilia, contraction of muscle cells, movement of
chromosomes during cellular reproduction
Energy coupling ✅The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one
Hydrolysis ✅reaction that breaks phosphate group bonds in ATP. Water is added to
ATP and breaks one P group off to make ADP
Phosphorylated intermediate ✅the key to coupling exergonic and endergonic
reactions, P group from ATP transfers to another molecule
ATP synthesis ✅anabolic, requires energy, endergonic
ATP hydrolysis ✅catabolic, releases energy, exergonic
Enzymes ✅act as catalysts to speed the rate of reactions in our bodies, absorb energy
to decrease activation energy
Activation energy ✅the initial investment of energy for starting a reaction, the energy
required to contort the reactant molecules so the bonds can break
Speed up reactions ✅ribosomes, temperature, and heat
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