Respiration Breakdown of fuel (food) molecules to release energy; ALL living organisms do this
Photosynthesis Using sunlight energy and atmospheric CO2 to make food molecules; Autotrophs
Photosynthesis equation Energy+ 6CO2+ 6H2O= C6H12O6+ 6O2; reverse of respiration; synthesizes carbohydrates
W...
Where does photosynthesis take place? ✅Chloroplasts- the leaf mesophyll cells
Things that use photosynthesis ✅photosynthetic autotrophs; plants & green algae,
non-plant eukaryotes (kelps, diatoms), bacteria (cyanobacteria)
Site of photosynthesis ✅In the chloroplasts that are found in the mesophyll cells on
plant leaves
Stages of Photosynthesis ✅Light Reactions and Calvin Cycle
Light Reactions ✅Converting solar energy to chemical energy; takes place in the
chloroplast thylakoids;
electron transfer system (light energy generates flow of electrons; ATP from ADP;
NADPH captures energized electrons; electrons taken from water- O2 byproduct
Main light-capturing pigment ✅Cholorphyll A
What light does Chlorophyll A use? ✅Red and Blue/Violet light
Calvin Cycle ✅Makes sugar from CO2; the "sugar factory"; occurs in the chloroplast
interior or stroma; multistep process
Where does calvin Cycle occur? ✅chloroplast interior or stroma
Carbon fixation ✅Calvin cycle; cardbon dioxide (atmosphere) used to form
glyceraldehype 3 phosphate (PGAL or GP3); combine to form phosphorylated glucose
GP3 (PGAL) ✅the basic building block for all other organic molecultes
, Light dependant reactions ✅sunlight-driven to thylakoids; H2O split to obtain electrons
& H+;O2 released; ATP formed; NADPH (electron source) formed.
Calvion Cycle ✅CO2 fixed, ATP & NADPH consumed, D3P (=PGAL) formed.
G3P (=PGAL)= glucose &all other organic molecules.
Greenhouse effect ✅Burning fossil fuels, deforestation cause imbalance in this cycle
Global temp. increases & climate chagnes
catastrophic sea level rises
more unstable/extreme weather? more hurricans?
2011 drought?
extinctions: climate changes faster than species can migrate
Charles Darwin ✅Theory of Evolution
Process of Evolution ✅Natural popluations are variable
variation in tratis affect an individual's ability to secure resources, survive and reproduce
in a given environment
this is natural selection
successful reproducers pass their traits on to the nest generation
overall frequency of trait variants (and the genes behind them) changes slightly each
generation
any population where gene frequencies &heritable traits are changing is evolving
Populations in different enviornments will evolve differently in repsonse to different
regimes of natural selection
this theory explains the diversity of living things
reproductive barrier ✅any mechanism that isolates one part of a population from
another
will cause split into 2 evolutionary lineages
they will evolve independently from that point
taxonomy ✅naming identifying and classifying
roughly synonymous with systematics
classification ✅assigning to categories
binomial names ✅2 words: genus name + specific epithet (Homo Sapiens)
Hierarchical Classification ✅Domain, Kingdom, Division, Class, Order, Family, Genus,
Species
Phylogeny ✅Evolutionary lineage; Classification should reflect evolutionary
relationships
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