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BIO 182 Exam 4/217 Questions with Accurate Solutions
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BIO 182 Exam 4/217 Questions withAccurate Solutions
What are the four questions asked about animal behavior? - -What stimulus
elicits the behavior, and what physiological mechanisms mediate the
response?
How does the animal's experience during growth and development influence
the response?
How does the behavior aid in survival and reproduction?
What is the behavior's evolutionary history?
-Who invented the four questions about animal behavior? - -Niko Tinbergen
-The first two questions are: - -The "How" or Proximate Causation questions
-What are the first two questions specifically? - -1. What stimulus elicits the
behavior, and what physiological mechanisms mediate the response?
2. How does the animal's experience during growth and development
influence the response?
-The last two questions are: - -The "Why" or Ultimate Causation questions
-What are the last two questions specifically? - -1. How does the behavior
aid survival and reproduction?
2. What is the behavior's evolutionary history?
-Fixed Action Pattern - -Question One
Sequence of unlearned actions linked to a stimulus
Unchangeable
Sign Stimulus = Trigger or external stimulus
-Migration - -leave location for another and then come back to original after
a while (food resource or environmental cues)
-Orientation Guides for Migration - -Sun position
North Star
Magnetic Field
Circadian Clock
-Behavioral Cues - -Reproduction/ Migration Season
Lunar Cycle (Tidal Zones)
Day or Night
-Forms of Communication - -1. Visual
,2. Chemical
3. Tactile
4. Auditory
-Example of Visual Communication - -Orientating to See
Dance
-Example of Chemical Communication - -Pheromones
-Example of Tactile Communication - -Touching
Tapping
-Example of Auditory Communication - -Singing
Buzzing
-Honeybees communicate where food is via dance. Round dance tells
worker bees that: - -food is nearby
-Honeybees communicate where food is via dance. Waggle dance tells
worker bees that: - -Food is far. The direction they start when dancing tells
worker bees where food is and the amount of waggles is how far the food is.
-Pheromones - -Odors or taste (chemical substance)
Communicational
Example: Minnows swim freely with no pheromones. With pheromones
(crushed scales smell), minnows crowd together at the bottom of the lake or
tank
-Nocturnal - -Active at night
Rely on: Smell and Sound Communication (olfactory and auditory)
Terrestrial Animals
-Diurnal - -Active during the day
Rely on: Visual and Sound Communication
Humans and Bees
-Innate Behavior - -Question Two
Something the organism is born knowing (developmentally fixed)
Examples: Breastfeeding and spider-web making
-Cross-Fostering Study - -A behavioral study in which the young of one
species are placed in the care of adults from another species.
**Learned parents influence to some extent behavior-wise
-Imprinting - -the process by which certain animals form strong attachments
during an early-life critical period
, Young age
Sensitive Period
If Parent and Young do not imprint during sensitive period, the parent could
reject their offspring
Examples: Geese, ducks, and cranes (with pilots)
-Spatial Learning - -(memory) Based on experience with spatial structure of
environment
Example: Digger Wasps and Landmarks
***Cognitive Map
-Associative Learning - -associate one feature/stimulus of their environment
with another
Example: Bluejay eats a monarch (they taste bad because they eat mildew)
--> Spits out EW
-Operant Conditioning - -Learning based on the consequences of responding
Trial-and-Error
Reward and Punishment
-Classical Conditioning - -Arbitrary Stimulus
Example: Dog hears bell before every meal --> associates the bell with
mealtime --> Next time it hears a bell --> Salivates
-Cognition - -aware of something, to reason, to remember, to make
decisions, and to make judgments
1. Problem-solving
2. Social Learning
Examples: Marine Mammals, Primates/Humans, and Bees
-Social Learning - -Cognition
Observational learning
"Monkey-see Monkey-Do"
-Foraging - -Question Three
Recognizing, Searching, Capturing, and Eating food items
Process of obtaining food
Optimal Foraging Model
-Example of Foraging Behavior - -Drosophila (Fruit) Fly
Rover allele (for^R) allows fly to travel farther; High-density populations
ideal for this trait
Sitter allele (for^S) allows fly to travel shorter, Low-density populations ideal
for this trait
These alleles dictate how far the fly will go to find and forage for food
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