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Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm exam 2024 Question and Answers

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Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm exam 2024 Question and Answers Primary immunodeficiency -less common and occur in result of single gene defects (defect on the development of the immune system) -this could involve antibody deficiencies, B- and T- cell deficiencies, defects in the phagocytic ...

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  • August 13, 2024
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  • Advanced Pathophysiologya
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Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm exam 2024
Question and Answers

Primary immunodeficiency

-less common and occur in result of single gene defects (defect on the development of the immune
system)

-this could involve antibody deficiencies, B- and T- cell deficiencies, defects in the phagocytic cells and
deficiency of complement

-something is lacking with the immune system



Ex: B-lymphocyte deficiency is one of the most common forms of primary immunodeficiency




Examples of primary immunodeficiency

-Chronic Granulomatous Disease of Childhood

-DiGeorge Syndrome

-Familial Mediterranean fever

-Job Syndrome

-Common Variable Immunodeficiency



Secondary Immunodeficiency

-conditions where the immune system becomes compromised because of a complication of some
other physiological condition or disease

-can be caused by cancer, effect from a drug (chemotherapeutic agents that suppress immune
system), and infections that compromise the immune system



Ex: Patient with HIV gets pneumocystis carinii

,What is is a predominant cause of secondary immune deficiencies worldwide?

-malnutrition




Examples of secondary immunodeficiency

-Pneumocystis Carinii

-HIV

-PNA

-Sinus infection

-Lung cancer




Hypersensitivity Type I

- allergic reaction

-mediated by IgE

-mast cells are the primary effector cells involved

-inflammation due to mast cell degranulation




Hypersensitivity Type I symptoms

Local: itching, rash

Systemic: wheezing




Hypersensitivity Type I example

Most dangerous form: anaphylactic reaction -> systemic response -> hypertension -> severe
bronchoconstriction



Treatment: epinephrine reverses the effects

, Hypersensitivity Type II

-cytotoxic reaction

-tissue/organ specific

-macrophages are primary effector cells involved

-can cause tissue damage or alter function



Mechanism: Tissue-specific destruction or impairment because of:

1. Antibody binding followed by lysis via complement

2. Antibody binding followed by macrophage phagocytosis

3. Antibody binding followed by neutrophil destruction

4. Antibody-dependent cell (NK)-mediated cytotoxicity

5. Antireceptor antibodies




Hypersensitivity Type II examples

1. Grave's disease (hyperthyroidism): altering thyroid function, but does not destroy thyroid tissue



2. Incompatible blood type (ABO incompatibility): cell/tissue damage occurs

-severe transfusion reaction -> transfused erythrocytes destroyed by agglutination or complement-
mediated lysis



3. Drug allergies



4. Hemolytic anemia




Graves disease

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