MSN 570 Advanced Pathophysiology Questions and answers latest update 2024.

MSN 570 Advanced Pathophysiology
Questions and answers latest update 2024



Nephrotic syndrome - answer-characterized by massive proteinuria caused by
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glomerular damage. corticosteroids are the mainstay; Associated with
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glomerulonephritis and with an immune response that is noninflammatory.
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Glomerular Injury: Diffuse and Focal - answer-Lesions that involve all or most (> 50%)
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of the glomeruli (plural) are termed diffuse, and lesions that involve some (< 50%) of
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the glomeruli are termed focal (e.g., focal segmental glomerulonephritis).
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Glomerular injury: Global and Segmental - answer-When a whole glomerulus (singular)
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is affected, the lesion is termed global, and the lesion is considered segmental if only a
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portion (< 50%) of the glomerulus is affected.
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Glomerulonephritis - answer-An inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli, and most forms n n n n n n n n n n


occur as a result of activation of immune mechanisms.
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Nephritic syndrome - answer-Associated with glomerulonephritis and an immune
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response that is inflammatory. A key feature is the passage of leukocytes, red blood
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cells, and plasma proteins which occur as a result of inflammation.
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1.) LIMITED proteinuria 2.) Oliguria and Azotemia 3.) Salt retention -- periorbital edema
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and hypertension(salt/fluid retention) 4.) RBC casts and dysmorphic RBCs in urine--
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Immune Complex deposition activated Complement; C5a attracts neutrophils which
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mediate the damage
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Proliferative structural (histologic) descriptor - answer-refers to an increase in
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glomerular cells (e.g., mesangial, endothelial, basement membrane). In the extra
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capillary space, this forms specific lesions that are termed crescents, which are made
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of macrophages, fibroblasts, and other cells. These crescent cells accumulate in the
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Bowman space and represent a rupture of the capsule.
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sclerosing structural (histologic) descriptor - answer-refers to glomerular scar formation,
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and when the scarring is between the glomerulus and tubules, it is referred to as
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interstitial fibrosis.
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necrotizing structural (histologic) descriptor - answer-refers to cellular death.
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, Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
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Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy - answer-A common, nonmalignant
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enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men age, usually appearing by age
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50.
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Bladder cancer - answer-cancerous tumor that arises from the cells lining the bladder;
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major sign is hematuria
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Diagnostic procedures for hydronephrosis - answer-History
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physical examination n


urinalysis
renal ultrasoundn


CT
intravenous pyelogram n


MRI.

Hydronephrosis - answer-An abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one
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or both kidneys that occurs secondary to a disease.
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Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) - answer-inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called
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cysts develop in the kidneys
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Renal cell carcinoma - answer-cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells;
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most frequently occurring kidney cancer in adults (most common in those 50-70 years
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of age).
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Renal cell carcinoma signs and symptoms - answer-Hematuria
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An abdominal renal mass that is firm
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Abdominal flank pain described as dull and achy
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Unexplained weight loss n n




Other symptoms may include scrotal varicoceles. If the inferior vena cava is affected,
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then manifestations can include edema, ascites, and hepatic problems.
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Signs and symptoms of bladder cancer - answer-Painless hematuria that is gross (i.e.,
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visible) or microscopic. The hematuria is intermittent and occurs throughout all of
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micturition as opposed to just the beginning.
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Irritative symptoms such as frequency, urgency, and dysuria may be present and occur
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ndue to detrusor overactivity, obstruction, or decrease in bladder capacity.
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Flank or abdominal pain (e.g., suprapubic) are usually signs of more advanced cancer.
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