Adult T-cell leukemia What is the assocciated oncogenic virus? - CORRECT ANSWER:
HTLV-1
Amyloid structure - CORRECT ANSWER: Beta-pleated sheet demonstrable by apple-
green birefringence of Congo red stain under polarized light; affected tissue has waxy
appearance.
Anaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER: Abnormal cells lacking differentiation; like primitive
cells of the same tissue, often equated w/ undifferentiated malignant neoplasms. Little
or no resemblance to tissue of origin. Irreversible.
Apoptosis (definition) - CORRECT ANSWER: Programmed cell death; ATP required.
Mediated by caspases.
Apoptosis is characterized by...? - CORRECT ANSWER: Cell shrinkage, nuclear
shrinkage and basophilia (pyknosis), membrane blebbing, pyknotic nuclear
fragmentation (karyorrhexis), nuclear fading (karyolysis), and formation of apoptotic
bodies, which are then phagocytosed. No significant inflammation.
,Benign - CORRECT ANSWER: Usually well-differentiated, slow growing, well-
demarcated, no metastasis.
Burkitt's lymphoma nasopharyngeal carcinoma What is the assocciated oncogenic
virus? - CORRECT ANSWER: EBV
Cancer epidemiology: Lung cancer? As a cause of death overall? - CORRECT
ANSWER: Lung cancer deaths have plateaued in males, but continue to incr in females.
Cancer is the 2nd leading cause of death in the USA (heart dz is 1st).
Causes: Ab's against presynaptic Ca2+ channels at NMJ Effect: Lambert-Eaton
syndrome (muscle weakness) What neoplasm would create this paraneoplastic effect? -
CORRECT ANSWER: Thymoma, small cell lung carcinoma
Causes: ACTH or ACTH-like peptide Effect: Cushing's syndrome What neoplasm would
create this paraneoplastic effect? - CORRECT ANSWER: Small cell lung carcinoma
Causes: ADH Effect: SIADH What neoplasm would create this paraneoplastic effect? -
CORRECT ANSWER: Small cell lung carcinoma and intracranial neoplasms
Causes: Erythropoietin Effect: Polycythemia What neoplasm would create this
paraneoplastic effect? - CORRECT ANSWER: Renal cell carcinoma,
hemangioblastoma
Causes: Hyperuricemia due to excess nucleic acid (e.g., cytotoxic therapy) Effect: Gout,
urate nephropathy What neoplasm would create this paraneoplastic effect? - CORRECT
ANSWER: Leukemias and lymphomas
, Causes: PTH-related peptide, TGF-beat, TNF, IL-1 Effect: Hypercalcemia What
neoplasm would create this paraneoplastic effect? - CORRECT ANSWER: Squamous
cell lung carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, and breast carcinoma
Cervical carcinoma (types 16, 18) Penile/anal carcinoma What is the assocciated
oncogenic virus? - CORRECT ANSWER: HPV
Characteristics of ex udate - CORRECT ANSWER: Cellular Protein-rich Specific gravity
> 1.020 Due to: Lymphatic obstruction Inflammation
Characteristics of trans udate - CORRECT ANSWER: Hypocellular Protein-poor
Specific gravity < 1.012 Due to: Incr hydrostatic pressure Decr oncotic pressure Na+
retention
Chemical carcinogens: Aflatoxins (produced by Aspergillus) What is the affected organ?
- CORRECT ANSWER: Liver (hepatocellular carcinoma)
Chemical carcinogens: Alkylating agents What is the affected organ? - CORRECT
ANSWER: Blood (leukemia)
Chemical carcinogens: Arsenic What is the affected organ? - CORRECT ANSWER:
Skin (squamous cell carcinoma) Liver (angiosarcoma)
Chemical carcinogens: Asbestos What is the affected organ? - CORRECT ANSWER:
Lung (mesothelioma and bronchogenic carcinoma)
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