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BBH 101 Final Exam Study Guide questions with complete solutions
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BBH 101 Final Exam Study Guide questions with complete solutions
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BBH 101 Final Exam Study Guide questionswith complete solutions
chronic pain - ANSWER: ➡ refers to pain that lasts for a prolonged period of time, and over
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100 million Americans are suffering with it
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Very common medical problem - ANSWER: ➡ - It is the most common reason for Americans
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to seek medical treatment, often manifesting as low back pain, headache (or migraine) pain,
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or neck pain.
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- Indeed, chronic pain is one of the most troublesome problems we face today as it leads to
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hundreds of billions of dollars lost each year due to treatment costs and lost productivity.
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- also has made potent analgesic medications commonplace, along with the abuse and
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addiction issues that are inseparable from these drugs.
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Pain physiology overview - ANSWER: ➡ -Pain signals start at receptors situated throughout
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your body that are specialized to detect things like tissue damage or other events related to
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injury
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- (Nociceptors ->spinal cord -> somatosensory cortex) order of pains signals from body to
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pain
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Nociceptors - ANSWER: ➡ receptors that send a signal along neurons that travel to the
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spinal cord.
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spinal cord - ANSWER: ➡ Nerves that run up and down the length of the back and transmit
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most messages between the body and brain
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somatosensory cortex - ANSWER: ➡ deals primarily with bodily sensations, and so it is here
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that the pain signals arrive to alert your brain to some potentially dangerous stimulus in the
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environment
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,Factors that influence pain - ANSWER: ➡ age, gender, SES, culture factors
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Age - ANSWER: ➡ Older individuals report pain more frequently. This may be due to
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declining overall health, the increased likelihood of suffering from other conditions that
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might cause pain, or decreased coping ability.
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Gender - ANSWER: ➡ Females report pain more frequently than males; they also are
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inclined to rate pain as more intense than a male would. It is unclear, however, if women
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actually experience pain more than men. It may also be the case that men are just more
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reluctant to talk about the pain they experience.
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A variety of sociocultural factors may also play a role in the experience of pain.
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Socioeconomic Factors - ANSWER: ➡ Low socioeconomic status (SES), for example, is m m m mm m m m m m m m
linked to increased pain frequency and intensity. There may be a number of reasons for this
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association, as people with low SES often have poorer medical care, fewer resources to
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utilize to cope with pain, and increased levels of stress, which may exacerbate chronic pain.
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Cultural Factors - ANSWER: ➡ Cultural factors may also influence the way one experiences
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pain. Different cultures and societies have established norms for how open people should be
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about the pain they experience, and this causes people to perceive pain differently. For
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example, for those who live on an island in the South Pacific called Yap, the pain of childbirth
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is greatly de-emphasized. Yap women will often continue their daily activities until the point
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that labor begins; then they will stop to have the baby and return to their daily activities soon
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after. The event is viewed as somewhat commonplace, and pain isn't given a large role to play
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in it. Thus, the cultural influence on pain can clearly be significant if it can diminish the pain
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involved in an experience like childbirth.
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Treatment for Pain - ANSWER: ➡ NSAIDs and Opioid Analgesics m m m m mm m m m m
NSAIDs - ANSWER: ➡ -medication that exerts analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions
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-most popular over-the-counter medications used to treat pain
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- includes aspirin and ibuprofen
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, Inhibit cyclooxygenase (why does this help with pain/inflammation?) - ANSWER: ➡ -
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NSAIDs work by lowering levels of lipid compounds called prostaglandins, which are
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involved in the inflammatory response.
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- They accomplish this by inhibiting an enzyme called cyclooxygenase that is involved in the
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production of prostaglandins; by doing so, they inhibit prostaglandin production and inhibit
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the inflammatory response. -Because a prolonged inflammatory response (which can lead to
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swelling, tenderness, and pain) is often part of prolonged pain, reducing inflammation often
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reduces pain.
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Why is Acetaminophen technically not part of NSAID? - ANSWER: ➡ Because it does not
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relieve inflammation
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Opioid analgesics - ANSWER: ➡ Synthetic pain-relieving substances that were originally
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derived from the opium poppy, Naturally occurring opium derivatives are called opiates.
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Opioid - ANSWER: ➡ - refers to the fact that opioid drugs are related to substances found
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within the seed pod of a flower known as the opium poppy.
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- When you cut open the seed pod of the opium poppy, a thick milky fluid flows out.
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-That fluid is rich in pain-relieving substances like morphine and codeine.
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Analgesic - ANSWER: ➡ refers to a treatment that relieves pain
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Opiates vs. opioids (what's the difference?) - ANSWER: ➡ - opiates refers specifically to the
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substances that are found naturally in the opium poppy.
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- The term opioid refers to substances that are at least partially synthetic, but are derived
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from or related to opiates.
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Opioid analgesics mechanism of action - ANSWER: ➡ They act on receptors throughout the
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nervous system called opioid receptors.
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Inhibit release of pain neurotransmitters - ANSWER: ➡ Once activated, opioid receptors
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initiate mechanisms that inhibit the release of neurotransmitters involved in pain signaling
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