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Test Bank for Gateways to Democracy Chapters 8-11 (Enhanced 5th Edition by John G. Geer)
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Test Bank for Gateways to DemocracyChapters 8-11 (Enhanced 5th Edition by
John G. Geer)
citizens' groups - ANSgroups that form to draw attention to purely public issues that affect all
citizens equally
economic interest groups - ANSgroup formed to advance the economic status of its members
factions - ANSdefined by Madison as any group that places its own interests above the
aggregate interests of society
501(c)(3) organizations - ANStax-exempt groups that are prohibited from lobbying or
campaigning for a party or candidate
501(c)(4) organizations - ANStax-exempt groups that exist to promote social welfare and can
advocate for specific policy issues
free rider program - ANSwhen happens when a lot of people use or do something for free that
actually costs money (ex: going to the beach is free, but it costs to keep it clean and staff
lifeguards)
grassroots movements - ANSgroup that forms in response to an economic or political event but
does not focus on only one issue
ideological interest groups - ANSgroups that form among citizens with the same beliefs about a
specific issue
interest group - ANSgroup of citizens who share a common interest - a political opinion, a
religious or ideological belief, a social goal, or an economic characteristic - and try to influence
public policy to benefit themselves
iron law of oligarchy - ANStheory that leaders in any organization eventually behave in their own
self-interest, even at the expense of rank-and-file members; the larger the organization, the
greater the likelihood that the leader will behave this way
iron triangle - ANSinsular and closed relationship among interest groups, members of Congress,
and federal agencies
, issue networks - ANSview of the relationship among interest groups, members of Congress, and
federal agencies as more fluid, open, and transparent than that described by the term iron
triangle
lobbying - ANSact of trying to persuade elected officials to adopt a specific policy change of
maintain the status quo
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) - ANSorganizations independent of governments that
monitor and improve political, economic, and social conditions throughout the world
pluralists - ANSView of democratic society in which interest groups compete over policy goals,
and elected officials are mediators of group conflict
political actions committees (PACs) - ANSgroups formed to raise and contribute funds to
support electoral candidates and that are subject to campaign finance laws
public goods - ANSgoods or benefits provided by the government from which everyone benefits
and from which no once can be excluded
revolving door - ANSmovement of members of Congress, lobbyists, and executive branch
employees into paid positions in each other's organizations
right of association - ANSright to freely associate with others and form groups, protected by the
first amendment
right of petition - ANSconstitutional right inferred by the Court that has been used to protect
unlisted rights such as sexual privacy and reproductive rights, plus the right to end
life-sustaining medical treatment
selective benefits - ANSbenefits offered exclusively to members of an interest group
single-issue groups - ANSgroups that form to present one view on a highly salient issue that is
intensely important to members, such as gun control or abortion
unions - ANSinterest groups of individuals who share a common type of employment and seek
better wages and working conditions through collective bargaining with employers
australian ballot - ANSvoting system in which state governments run elections and provide
voters the option of choosing candidates from multiple parties; also called secret ballot
ballot - ANSlist of candidates who are running for elected office; used by voters to make their
choice
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