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Nutrition Notes | BIOL 1322 EXAM 1

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These notes covers the first three chapters taught in Nutrition class, specifically going over basic nutrition terms and some information related to research/studies validity. This guide will help anyone obtain a basic foundation in nutrition to prepare for the first exam of the course.

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  • August 15, 2024
  • 8
  • 2023/2024
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  • Dr. pauline ward
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BIOL 1322 NOTES - EXAM 1

Nutrition basics, information, and diets



1. NUTRITION BASICS

● DIET: A pattern of food choices that determines their overall health

● NUTRIENT: a life-sustaining chemical in food

● ESSENTIAL NUTRIENT: a nutrient that causes a deficiency disease if it’s

missing in an individual’s diet

● SIX NUTRIENTS

○ FATS: Long-term storage of energy

○ PROTEIN: Building blocks that creates muscles, hormones, and

antibodies (i.e. enzymes)

○ CARBOHYDRATES: The body’s main source of energy; access to

glucose

○ WATER:

■ Maintains fluid balance and body temperature

■ Eliminates waste and transports substances

○ MINERALS & VITAMINS: Both regulates and maintain body processes

■ Minerals are also important for structural and functional

components

* Carbohydrates catalyzes chemical reactions, e.g. cellular respiration

* Fats, proteins, and carbohydrates are MACRONUTRIENTS, so they are the only

ones that provide energy

● CELL: the smallest unit of life

● METABOLISM: the total of all chemical processes to provide energy

, ● DEFICIENCY DISEASE: when someone is lacking an essential nutrient

○ One way to test for it is through a blood test to measure the

amounts of essential nutrients in the body

● PHYTOCHEMICALS: A non-nutrient substance found in plants that may be

beneficial (but not essential) to humans.

○ Some examples of phytochemicals:

■ Carotenoids, Phenolics, Organosulfides (antioxidants)
■ Alkaloids (stimulant)
■ Capsaicinoids (pain relief)
■ Fructooligosaccharides (pre-biotic)

● ANTI-OXIDANTS: Protects cells from being damaged by free-radicals

○ An antioxidant is a stable molecule that can donate an electron to a

free-radical and neutralizes it.

○ A free-radical is an unstable molecule that can damage DNA and

other cells because it’s trying to steal electrons

● DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS: Something that increases the total intake of a

micronutrient in a diet

○ Should NOT be used as a substitute for food

● MAIN RISK FACTORS for Chronic Disease:

○ Poor diet
○ Lack of physical activity
○ Drug/tobacco/alcohol
○ Genetics
○ Environmental
○ Psychological

● Kilocalorie / Calorie = Measure of food energy

○ Kcal is the heat energy needed to raise the temp of 1L of water 1

degree celsius higher

○ 1 Kcal = 1 Cal = 1000 calories

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