Binghamton Bio 114 Final Review Questions and Answers
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Course
Bio 114
Institution
Bio 114
Binghamton Bio 114 Final Review
Questions and AnswersBinghamton Bio 114 Final Review
Questions and AnswersBinghamton Bio 114 Final Review
Questions and AnswersBinghamton Bio 114 Final Review
Questions and AnswersBinghamton Bio 114 Final Review
Questions and AnswersBinghamton Bio 114 Final Revi...
Binghamton Bio 114 Final Review
Questions and Answers
Cell Theory
✓ ~~~All organisms are made of cells, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.
Conclusion: If you trace a cell's lineage back far enough, you will discover that all
cells are descended from a common ancestral cell
Evolution
✓ ~~~The heritable change in a population over time or a change in gene frequency in a
population over a number of
generations
Proximate process
✓ ~~~what happens in short term, measured in fractions of lifetimes
Ultimate process
✓ ~~~longer timeframe (lifetime or more)
Evolutionary Theory
✓ ~~~2 General Ideas:
Evolution explains variation
All species are related to each other through common ancestry
,Biomes
✓ ~~~collection of similar ecosystems but not part of hierarchy because it doesn't have
emergent properties
Before the mid-1800s we knew:
✓ ~~~a. Organisms have offspring similar to themselves.
b. We could select individual plants and animals on our farms to breed and produce
offspring that we considered beneficial.
c. There exists a large amount of diversity/variation among organisms within a
species.
d. Differences among the members of a population mean that not all are affected in
the same way by ecological factors
e. The variation between species may mean that not all areas that can do so will
support a population of a particular species or actually have a population present.
f. Typically, individuals produce more offspring than what the environment can
support.
Also, Special Creation, species have never changed and are unchangeable,
variation between individuals is unimportant, and Aristotle's Great Chain of Being.
Emergent Properties
✓ ~~~The collection of the units at one level takes on a trait that is greater than the sum of
the parts
Ex: Social groups have the emergent property to have safety in numbers
,Evolution is an emergent property of populations
Organisms
✓ ~~~Individuals that are typically a collection of organ systems. They are acted on by
natural selection.
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
✓ ~~~first evolutionist to believe that organisms change over time. The theory of acquired
characteristics: individuals change as a result of environmental pressures and then pass
those traits to offspring
ex: you're JACKED and then your child is born JACKED
Fitness
✓ ~~~number of viable offspring you produce in your lifetime
Adaptations
✓ ~~~A heritable trait that increases the relative fitness of individuals having that trait
A process by which individuals within a population acquire traits that increase their
relative fitness
Australian Rabbits
✓ ~~~Rabbit invasion, tried to control population with myxomatosis virus that only kills
rabbits, it was pretty effective in killing rabbit pop , but only killed 99.9% so the rabbit
population that was resistant survived and passed on resistance to offspring through
placenta
What do rabbit and virus population have in common?
, They both have variation (virus- virility, rabbit- variation in susceptibility)
Both are populations
Both have differential reproduction
Homologies
✓ ~~~traits in common due to inheritance from a common ancestor
Macroevolution
✓ ~~~the change of one major taxonomic group into another (ex: fish to amphibians to
reptiles) or creation or extinction of a species
1.) Homology
2.)Fossil Record
3.) Vestigial Traits
Microevolution
✓ ~~~the change in a population over generations that helps to separate populations from
each other genetically.
Accumulation of microevolution over time leads to macroevolution
Evolutionary Trends
✓ ~~~resulted from macroevolutionary processes
a. An increase in multicellularity
b. An increase in complexity
c. An increase in ways to capture energy for use
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