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Child Development Questions And Answers With 100% Correct Solutions Latest Update 2024/2025.
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Child Development Questions And Answers With 100% Correct Solutions Latest Update 2024/2025.
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Child Development Questions And Answers With 100%Correct Solutions Latest Update 2024/2025.
What is development - ANSWER The sequence of physical and psychological changes that
human beings undergo as they grow
What is developmental psychology - ANSWER The scientific study of age related changes in
behaviour, thinking, emotion and personality
What is continuity and change in developmental psychology - ANSWER To what extent is
development characterised by continuous change and does it involves discontinuities that result in
changes
What is sources of development - ANSWER Development guided primarly by the genetic
programme in the bodys cells or the external environment producing change
Nature vs nurture
What is individual differences - ANSWER No two human beings are alike, how do people
come to have stable characteristics to differentiate them from others
What is quantative change - ANSWER Things we can measure
Continuity, continuous change, gradual accummulation of change
Children vocabularly getting more
What is qualatative change - ANSWER Things we cant measure
Discontinuity, different stages of development
Children walking stage
What data collection methods are used in developmental psychology - ANSWER Self-report,
observation, experimental methods, clinical interview methods
What research designs are used in developmental psychology - ANSWER Longtiudinal design
Cross sectional design
What is cognition - ANSWER Cognitive development means intellectual growth
Cognitive processes - ANSWER Memory, learning, attention, perception, thought, problem
solving
What is a longitudinal study? - ANSWER Repeatedly tests the same cohort as it grows older
What is a cross sectional study - ANSWER Comparing people of different ages at the same
point in time
What is a sequential design study - ANSWER Combines the cross sectional and longitudinal
approaches
,What is a sensitive period - ANSWER an optimal range for certain experiences, but if those
experiences occur at another time, normal development is still possible
What is a critical period - ANSWER an age range during which certain experiences must occur
for development to proceed normally or along a certain path
What is the lifespan development guiding model involve - ANSWER Microsystem,
mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem
What is the microsystem in development - ANSWER The microsystem encompasses the
person's interactions within their most immediate surroundings.
What is the mesosystem in development - ANSWER The mesosystem reflects the relations
between microsystems. These might be connections between your home, workplace, university and
neighbourhood.
What is the exosystem in development - ANSWER The exosystem comprises social settings in
which the individual does not play an active role but that nevertheless affect their immediate
environment
What is the macrosystem - ANSWER The macrosystem operates at the outer level of the
ecology, reflecting laws, cultural values and political contexts.
What is the chronosystem - ANSWER refers to the dimension of time and ensures that
environments and their influence are understood as dynamic and relevant across the entire life span.
How does sex determination work in prenatal development - ANSWER Approximately 6 to 8
weeks after conception, the TDF gene initiates the development of testes. If the TDF gene is absent,
testes do not form an inherent female pattern of organ development ensues
What are teratogens - ANSWER Environmental agents which can cause developmental
malformations (birth defects) and cause abnormal prenatal development. The placenta prevents many
dangerous substances from reaching the embryo and foetus, but some harmful chemicals and diseases
can pass through.
How does newborns sensory and perceptual preferences work - ANSWER New-borns' visual
systems are immature. Their eye movements are not well coordinated and they are very short-sighted.
New-borns can distinguish their mother's face from that of a female stranger and prefer to gaze at the
mother's face.
New-borns also distinguish different odours.
New-borns can also hear fairly well. They prefer human voices to other sounds and can distinguish
their own mother's voice from that of a female stranger
What are reflexes - ANSWER automatic, inborn behaviours that occur in response to specific
stimuli.
How do new borns learn - ANSWER They habituate to repeated, non-threatening stimuli.
They can acquire classically conditioned responses.
, Through operant conditioning, new-borns learn that they can make things happen.
What is the cephalocaudal principle - ANSWER The cephalocaudal principle reflects the
tendency for development to proceed in a head-to-foot direction.The head of a foetus (and infant) is
disproportionately large because physical growth concentrates first on the head.
What is the proximodistal principle - ANSWER states that development begins along the
innermost parts of the body and continues toward the outermost parts. Thus, a foetus's arms develop
before the hands and fingers.
How is physical development affected by environmental and cultural influences - ANSWER
Physical development is driven by genes in interaction with experience. Diet is one obvious example:
chronic malnutrition stunts physical and brain development
there is convincing evidence that human infants' brains develop most in an environment rich in stimuli
(i.e. opportunities to interact with others and to manipulate suitable toys and other objects)
How does biology and environmental influences interact in child development - ANSWER
Biology sets limits on environmental influences. For example, no infant can be toilet-trained before
the nerve fibres that help regulate bladder control have biologically matured.
Environmental influences set limits on biology. Impoverished environments can stunt growth.
Nurturing environments foster physical and psychological growth.
Biological and environmental factors interact. Environmental factors foster or inhibit development.
This in turn enhances or impairs a child's ability to benefit from future experience.
What is jean piagets cognitive development theory - ANSWER sensorimotor stage
preoperational stage
concrete operational stage
formal operational stage
What is the sensiromotor stage? - ANSWER From birth to about age 2, infants understand
their world primarily through sensory experiences and physical (motor) interactions with objects.
Reflexes are their earliest schemas and, as they mature, they begin to explore their surroundings,
banging spoons, dropping objects or taking them apart, producing and eliciting social responses.
What is object permanence? - ANSWER The idea that objects do not cease to exist when
they are out of sight
Babies have to learn that things do exist even when they cant see them
The understanding that an object continues to exist even when it can no longer be seen.
What is schema formation - ANSWER schemas, or organised patterns of thought and action.
Think of a schema as a mental framework that guides our interaction with the world.
What is accommodation? - ANSWER The process by which an existing schema is modified or
changed by new experience
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