Exam (elaborations)
PSY 1101 MIDTERM 2 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
- Course
- Institution
PSY 1101 MIDTERM 2 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS...
[Show more]
Content preview
PSY 1101 MIDTERM 2 EXAM QUESTIONS ANDANSWERS
Learning - ANSWER the process of acquiring through experience new information
or behaviours
Associative Learning - ANSWER learning that certain events occur together. The
events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its
consequences (as in operant conditioning)
Stimulus - ANSWER any event or situation that evokes a response
Respondent Behavior - ANSWER behaviour that occurs as an automatic response
to some stimulus
Operant Behaviors - ANSWER behaviour that operates on the environment,
producing consequences
Cognitive Learning - ANSWER the acquisition of mental information, whether by
observing events, by watching others, or through language
Neutral Stimulus (NS) - ANSWER in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits
no response before conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UR) - ANSWER in classical conditioning, an unlearned,
naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US)
(such as food in the mouth)
Unconditioned Stimulus (US) - ANSWER in classical conditioning, a stimulus that
unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers an unconditioned response
(UR)
Conditioned Response (CR) - ANSWER in classical conditioning, a learned
response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) - ANSWER in classical conditioning, an originally
,irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US),
comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR)
Acquisition - ANSWER in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a
neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins
triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a
reinforced response
Higher-Order Conditioning - ANSWER a procedure in which the conditioned
stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus,
creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that
has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that light predicts the tone
and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning.)
Extinction - ANSWER the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in
classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a
conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no
longer reinforced
Spontaneous Recovery - ANSWER the reappearance, after a pause, of an
extinguished conditioned response
Generalization - ANSWER the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for
stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
Discrimination - ANSWER (1) in classical conditioning, the learned ability to
distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an
unconditioned stimulus. (2) in social psychology, unjustifiable negative behaviour
toward a group and its members
Classical Conditioning - ANSWER forms associations between stimuli (a CS and
the US it signals). it also involves respondent behaviour - actions that are automatic
responses to a stimulus (such as salivating in response to meat powder and later in
response to a tone)
Operant Conditioning - ANSWER a type of learning in which behaviour is
strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
Law of Effect - ANSWER Thorndike's principle that behaviours followed by
favourable consequences become more likely and that behaviours followed by
, unfavourable consequences become less likely
Operant Chamber - ANSWER in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also
known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to
obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar
pressing or key pecking
Reinforcement - ANSWER in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the
behavior it follows
Shaping - ANSWER an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide
behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Positive Reinforcement - ANSWER increasing behaviors by presenting positive
reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a
response, strengthens the response
Negative Reinforcement - ANSWER increasing behaviors by stopping of reducing
negative stimuli. a negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a
response, strengthens the response
Primary Reinforcers - ANSWER an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that
satisfies a biological need
Conditioned Reinforcers - ANSWER a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power
through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary
reinforcer
Reinforcement Schedules - ANSWER a pattern that defines how often a desired
response will be reinforced
Continuous Reinforcement - ANSWER reinforcing the desired response every time
it occurs
Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement Schedules - ANSWER reinforcing a response
only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater
resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
Fixed-Ratio Schedules - ANSWER in operant conditioning, a reinforcement
schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller luzlinkuz. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $11.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
73314 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now