Biological Fitness Relative genetic contribution of an individual to the gene pool of the next generation(s)
Natural selection INDIVIDUALS A process whereby an individual Organism experiences random mutations or other Genetic changes in their genome. If these genetic Changes are beneficial in a pa...
BIOL 446 Exam 1 Questions and Correct
Answers
Biological Fitness ✅Relative genetic contribution of an individual to the gene pool of
the next generation(s)
Natural selection ✅INDIVIDUALS
A process whereby an individual
Organism experiences random mutations or other
Genetic changes in their genome. If these genetic
Changes are beneficial in a particular environment,
The individual organism will be more likely to survive
And reproduce, creating more individuals with that
Genotype.
Phenotype ✅everything from RNA--> protein --> development -->physiology
Can be made visible somehow; denoted by genotype
Evolution ✅POPULATIONS
The overall narrative of the natural
Selection process because it does not apply to one
Specific individual organism. It involves a change in
The genetic composition of a population of individual
Organisms over a period of time that includes many
Generations of individuals. Simply put, evolution is
The historical change in genetic allele frequency in a
Population of organisms.
Physiological ecology ✅the study of the interactions between organisms and the
physical environment that influence their survival and persistence
Adaptive trait ✅Distinct variant of a phenotype enhancing biological fitness that arose
historically by natural selection to fit current environment
, Adaptation ✅Evolutionary process that acts on heritable variation to find an
increasingly better fit for env
Acclimation ✅Non-heritable change; temporary phenotypic change to fit env
Epignetics play big role
I.e. Caterpillar color (density-dependent), water temp
Exaptation ✅trait used for something other than what natural selection selected for
Spandrel ✅trait without a function (no effect on fitness)
Polymorphism ✅multiple distinct variants within same species resulting from point
mutations (genetic drift) (i.e male/female, blood type)
Allozyme vs isozyme ✅allozyme = enzymes from different alleles of the same enzyme
(point mutation) HIGHT LVLS OF POLYMORPHISM
Isozyme = different enzymes w same function
Led to understanding of spandrels
Gene flow ✅genetic exchange between poppulations; migration
Cline ✅allele freq correlated with latitude/spacial/geographic range shit
1. Adaptive
I.e ADH in Drosophila (spandrel), LDH cline
2. Genetic drift (geographic isolation)
Transgenic, gene editing and/or transplant exp
Alcohol dehydrpgenase (ADH) ✅DROSOPHILA
Enzyme that converts alcohols --> aldehyde/ketone to detoxify ehanol
ADH-S allele freq increases w/ latitude (more thermostability)
Largely a SPANDREL and due to balancing selection that maintains heterozygote
advantage (hetero is more frequent than if it was genetic drift. Polymorphic is
conserved)
LDH ✅FUNDULUS
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