ADJ 107 Midterm Study Guide: Definitions and Concepts with Complete Solutions
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Course
ADJ 107
Institution
ADJ 107
ADJ 107 Midterm Study Guide: Definitions and Concepts with Complete SolutionsADJ 107 Midterm Study Guide: Definitions and Concepts with Complete SolutionsADJ 107 Midterm Study Guide: Definitions and Concepts with Complete SolutionsSolutions
Criminology - ANSWER - A multidisciplinary science invo...
ADJ 107 Midterm Study Guide:
Definitions and Concepts with Complete
Solutions
Criminology - ANSWER - A multidisciplinary science involving the following subjects:
Criminal Justice - ANSWER - The system of practices and institutions of governments directed
at upholding social control, deterring and mitigating crime, or sanctioning those who violate laws
with criminal penalties and rehabilitation efforts.
Theory - ANSWER - A set of interconnected statements or propositions that explain how two or
more events or factors are related to one another.
Self-Stigma - ANSWER - Occurs when negative social attitudes are internalized, subsequently
harming a person's self-esteem, and inducing shame.
Chicago School - ANSWER - Also known as the Ecological School. Does not believe criminal
behavior is a result of individual traits, rather a function of personal choices combined with
environmental conditions.
Specific Deterrence - ANSWER - States after a criminal offender receives shift, certain, and
powerful sanctions he or she will not repeat the criminal acts.
, General Deterrence - ANSWER - Is based on perceptions of future punishments, where as
specific deterrence is based on the actual punishment.
Critiques of Critical Criminology - ANSWER - -Critics suggest critical theorists unfairly target the
capitalistic system.
Status Frustration - ANSWER - A concept developed by Albert Cohen in Delinquent Boys
(1956), and used to explain working-class male delinquency as being a reaction formation
towards middle-class values of success, as embodied in the school.
Ego - ANSWER - The part of the mind that mediates between the conscious and the
unconscious and is responsible for reality testing and a sense of personal identity.
ID - ANSWER - The part of the mind in which innate instinctive impulses and primary processes
are manifest.
Super Ego - ANSWER - The part of a person's mind that acts as a self-critical conscience,
reflecting social standards learned from parents and teachers.
Percent of the Population is Considered Psychopathic - ANSWER - Most researchers believe
only 1 percent of the population is considered psychopathic.
Focus of Critical Criminologists Today - ANSWER - These criminologists review elements of
globalization within society and feel globalization replaced imperialism and colonization as a
new form of economic domination and oppression by Westerners.
-Moreover, many criminologists state most theft from the rich is not a means of survival, rather
luxury items such as jewelry, vehicles, and electronics.
-Data also suggest the poor tend to victimize other members of the underclass compared to the
rich.
-Other criminologists argue critical theorists refuse to address the real problems and conflicts,
which existed in communist countries, such as the gulags and purges within the Soviet Union.
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