NURS 316 Patho pharm midterm questions and answers
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Course
NURS 316
Institution
NURS 316
Define pathophysiology - · the physiology of altered health.
Health is defined as: - · state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity,
etiology - cause of disease
What are the four commonly recognized etiological agents? - ·...
NURS 316 Patho pharm midterm
questions and answers
Define pathophysiology - · the physiology of altered health.
Health is defined as: - · state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity,
etiology - cause of disease
What are the four commonly recognized etiological agents? - · Biologic
· Physical
· Chemical
· Nutritional
most diseases come from what origin - multifactorial origin
What is another grouping of agents that reflect timing of onset? - · Congenital
· Acquired
What term reflects the evolution of disease after initial contact with the etiological
agent? - pathogenesis
Morphological changes reflect changes as a result of disease. What changes occur
in the cell? - · Gross anatomical
· Microscopic
,How do signs, symptoms and syndromes relate to each other? - · Signs are how
external observers see disease
· Symptoms are what the person reports when they have a disease
· Syndromes are a group of signs and symptoms reflecting a disease
How do we arrive at a diagnosis? - · History and physical
· Differential diagnoses (list of possibilities)
· Investigations to rule in and out the differential diagnoses
Tests are not always 100% accurate. How do we know? Diagnostic power of a test
is determined by what key information? - · Validity (compared to gold standard)
· Reliability (repeatability)
· Sensitivity (true positive rate) prob of positive test given the pt has disease
· Specificity (true negatives) prob of neg test given the pt is well
reliability - refers to the extent that a repeated observation will give the same
results
validity - Validity refers to the extent to which a measurement tool measures what
it is intended to measure.
Clinical course of disease is the evolution of disease. Diseases are often more
complex than fit in one category but can sometimes fit within one of 3 general
paths. What are the 3 paths? - · Acute
· Subacute
· Chronic
,Stages of infectious disease can be described by when disease is present and when
it can be observed, tested and be infectious. Define those stages and their
definitions. - · Preclinical
· Subclinical
· Clinical
· carrier
What is the definition of epidemiology? - · the study of disease occurrence in
human populations.
What is the key detail that makes incidence different from prevalence? - ·
Incidence is the number of new cases of a disease in a population in a given time
period. Incidence always has a timeframe. Prevalence is measured at one point in
time in a population.
Why is the natural history of a disease important to clinicians and to patients? - · It
can be used to predict outcomes in people who are not able to be treated.
(prognosis)
Primary prevention of disease is aimed at keeping diseases from occurring by
identifying and removing risk factors. What is an example of a primary prevention
program? - · Smoking cessation, folic acid in pregnancy, seat belts, childhood
immunization, PPE
What are examples of secondary prevention programs? - Cancer screening
programs (cervical, breast, colon, skin), cardiovascular (BP, Lipid checks)
, Are there tertiary prevention programs? Examples? - · Multidisciplinary clinics for
chronic diseases (COPD-pulmonary rehab, Diabetes (foot, kidney, eye checks),
specialist follow-up of all chronic conditions (cardiology after MI)
cellular regulation - Cellular regulation refers to all function carried out within a
cell to maintain homoeostasis, including its responses to extracellular signals
(hormones, cytokines, neurotransmitters etc.) and the way each cell produces an
intracellular response
List the 3 changes in cell structure and function that occur as a result of cell
adaptive process - • Size
• Number
• Type
What are 5 resulting changes in cells following adaptation? - • Atrophy
• Hypertrophy
• Hyperplasia
• Metaplasia
• Dysplasia.
What are 5 general causes of cell atrophy? - • Disuse
• Denervation
• Loss of endocrine stimulation
• Inadequate nutrition
• Ischemia
In what tissue types do we commonly see cell size increase? - • Cardiac muscle
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