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HISTORY FINAL: BOOK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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HISTORY FINAL: BOOK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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HISTORY FINAL: BOOK QUESTIONSAND ANSWERS
NotsatsthesbeginningsbutslatersinsthesbooksOrwellsexplainsswhysheswentstosWigan.sWhysdidsh
esdosso?sWhatsdidshesexpectstosfind?sOrwellstalkssaboutsthesLaborsExchangesandsthesdole.s
Howsdoesshesdescribesthem?s-sans--a.sOrwellswentstosWiganstosseeswhatsmass-
unemploymentsisslikesatsitssworse,spartlysinsorderstosseesthesmoststypicalssectionsofsthesEngl
ishsworkingsclasssatsclosesquarters.sHesneededstosdosthisstosdecidesrathersorsnotsheswassinsf
avorsofsSocialism.sInsordersforsthisstosoccur,shesneededstosdeterminesifsthescurrentslivingscon
ditionsswerestolerablesorsnotstolerable.s
b.sAsksDr.sRoider
c.sEveryonesdrawingsthesdolesaresthesonlyspeoplesreportedsinsthesunemploymentsfigure.sTh
esunemploymentsratesissgrosslysundersrepresentedsbecausesmanysmorespeoplesareslivings
offsofsthesdole.sInsorderstosdrawsthesdole,syousmustsreportstosthesLaborsExchangesorsitsisstho
ughtsthatsyousaresworkingselsewhere.sThesMean'ssTestswouldstearsfamiliessapartsbysdrivings
outsthesoldersfamilysmembers.
III.sOnspages87sOrwellswrites,s"Asworkingsmansdoessnotsdisintegratesundersthesstrainsofspov
ertysassasmiddle-
classspersonsdoes."sAndshesrepeatssthatsideaslatersinsthesbook.sWhatsdoesshesmeansbysthat
?sOrwellsdescribessparticularlysthesbodiessofsthesminerssass"noble."sHessaysstheysreallysdosl
ookslikes"irons-shammered-
ironsstatues."sButshesdoesssaysthatstheysaresunusuallysshort.sToswhatsdoesshesattributesthei
rsshortness?s-sans--
a.sAsworkingsmansissusedstosbeingsonsthesdole,ssostheysaresnotseffectedsassmuchsbyspoverty
,ssincestheysaressosusestosit.sMiddlesclassspeopleshavestoosmuchspridestosbesonsthesdole,ssos
whenstheysdo,stheyswillsbesembarrassedsbyspoverty.sAsworkingsfamilysalsosdoessnotscracksu
nderspoverty.sThesfamilyssystemsissstillsthere.s
b.sHesattributesstheirsshortnessstosthesfactsthatstheyshavestosworksinsconfinedsspaces.sTheys
mustsbesablestosmaneuversaroundsthesmineswhichsissnotspracticalsforstallspeople.
IV.sOrwellsarguessthatsthesmiddlesandslowersclassessinsEnglandsinsthes1930ssaresseparated
sbysculturalsandslinguisticshabitss-
showstheysdress,swhatsfoodstheyseat,swhatsentertainmentstheysenjoy,stheswaystheystalk.sFin
dssomesexamplessofsthosesdifferencessinsWigansPiersassOrwellsdescribessthem.s-sans--
a.sAsworking-classsfamilyshandsstogethersassasmiddle-
classsonesdoes,sbutsthesrelationshipsissfarslessstyrannical.sAsworking-
mansdoessnotshavesthesprestigesofsasfamilysnameshangingsaroundshissneck.
b.sIfsyousoffersasworking-
manssomethingshesdoesn'tswant,shestellsyousthatshesdoesn'tswant;sasmiddle-
classspersonswouldsacceptsitstosavoidsgivingsoffence.s
c.sTosthesworkingsclass,sthesnotionsofsstayingsatsschoolstillsyousaresnearlysgrown-
upsseemssmerelyscontemptiblesandsunmanly.s
, d.sMiddle-classshavesansaccentsthatsstampssthemswithstheirseducationsamongsthesworking-
classspeople.
V.sOrwellshassmanyscriticismssofsSocialismsassitsexistedsinsEnglandsinsthes1930s.sDescribesf
oursofsthesescriticismssandsdiscusssbrieflyswhysOrwellsthinksstheysgivesEnglishsSocialismsas
badsnames-sans--
a.sClasssprejudice.sThississrealsandsitsissvisceral.sMiddlesclassssocialistssdosthemselvessnosf
avourssbyspretendingsitsdoessnotsexistsand—bysglorifyingsthesmanualsworker—
theystendstosalienatesthatslargessectionsofsthespopulationswhichsisseconomicallysworkingscla
sssbutsculturallysmiddlesclass.
b.sMachinesworship.sOrwellsfindssmostssocialistssguiltysofsthis.sOrwellshimselfsisssuspiciouss
ofstechnologicalsprogresssforsitssownssakesandsthinkssitsinevitablysleadsstossoftnesssandsdec
adence.sHespointssoutsthatsmostsfictionalstechnicallysadvancedssocialistsutopiassaresdeadly
sdull.sH.sG.sWellssinsparticularsisscriticisedsonsthesesgrounds.
c.sCrankiness.sAmongstsmanysotherstypessofspeoplesOrwellsspecifiesspeopleswhoshavesbe
ardssorswearssandals,svegetarians,sandsnudistssasscontributingstossocialism'ssnegativesrep
utationsamongsmanysmoresconventionalspeople.
d.sTurgidslanguage.sThoseswhospepperstheirssentencesswiths"notwithstandings"sands"heret
ofores"sandsbecomesoversexcitedswhensdiscussingsdialecticalsmaterialismsaresunlikelystosg
ainsmuchspopularssupport.
e.sFailurestosconcentratesonsthesbasics.sSocialismsshouldsbesaboutscommonsdecencysandsf
airssharessforsallsrathersthanspoliticalsorthodoxysorsphilosophicalsconsistency.
I.sOrdinarysMensfocusessonsReservesPolicesBattalions(RPB)s101,swhichswassbasedsinsHam
burgsandswhichswasswhatsisscalledsansEinsatzgruppe,sasunitsspecificallysdeployedstoskillsJe
ws.sWhatskindsofsmensmadesupsRPBs101swhensitsleftsPolandsinsJunes1942?sThesNazissface
dsmanpowersshortagessins1942.sTheyscouldsnotssparesmanysmensforsthesHolocaust,ssosthe
ysreliedsonsnon-
Germansstosperformsaslotsofsthesworststasks.sWhosweresthesTrawnikissandswhatswerestheirsf
unctions?sAmongsthesTrawnikis,swhosweresthesHiwis?s-sans--
a.sReservesPolicesBattalions101swassasunitsofsthesGermansOrdersPolicesthat,sduringsthesNa
zisoccupationsofsPoland,splayedsascentralsrolesinsthesimplementationsofsthesFinalsSolutionsa
gainststhesJewishspeoplesandsthesrepressionsofsthesPolishspopulation.sMemberssofsthesbatt
alionsparticipatedsinsthesround-
upsandsexpulsionsofsJews,sPolessandsGypsies,sthesguardingsandsliquidationsofsghettos,sthes
deportationstosconcentrationscampssandsthesmasssshootingsofstenssofsthousandssofscivilian
s.
b.sTrawnikissweresnon-
PolishsaxillariessfromsthesSovietsbordersregionssthatsweresrecruitedsbysHimmlerstosincreases
Globocnik'ssmanpower.sKarlsStreibel,sasstaffsmembersofsGlobocnik'ssOperationsReinhard,s
andshissmensvisitingsPOW scampssandsrecruitedsUkranian,sLatvian,sandsLithuanians"volunte
ers",salsoscalledsHilfswillige,sorsHiwis,swhosweresscreenedsonsthesbasissofstheirsanti-
Communistssentiments.sTheysweresofferedsansescapesfromsprobablesstarvation,sandspromi
sedsthatstheyswouldsnotsbesusedsinscombatsagainststhesSovietsarmy.sTheses"volunteers"swe
restakenstosthesSSscampsatsTrawnikisforstraining,shencesthesterms"Trawnikis".sThesesmensb
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