Exam (elaborations)
ORNAMENTAL AND TURFGRASS PEST MANAGEMENT EXAM
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ORNAMENTAL AND TURFGRASS PEST MANAGEMENT EXAM ...
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ORNAMENTAL AND TURFGRASS PESTMANAGEMENT EXAM 2024-2025
List the four fundamental principles of Integrated Pest Management. - ANSWER 1.
Produce healthy plants that resist pests.
2. Identify the problem.
3. Expect bugs and accept some damage.
4. Use insecticides as a last resort, not a first choice.
Name four tools or strategies you could use to investigate a plant problem and look
for pests. - ANSWER 1. Use a hand lens.
2. Bring an index card.
3. Recognise the indicator plants
4. Keep records.
Explain why pesticide use should be the last resort in pest management. -
ANSWER Pests can develop immunity and can harm humans, pets, and the
environment.
Describe measures for preventing pesticide resistance. - ANSWER: Select
alternative insecticides and use them only when necessary.
Identify your geographical region. ANSWER: Piedmont.
Identify at least four of the main cool-season grasses. - ANSWER 1. Creeping
bentgrass (2. Tall fescue: 3. Fine fescues (Creeping crimson, hard, and chewing), 4.
Perennial ryegrass: 5. Kentucky bluegrass.
,Identify at least four of the main warm-season grasses. - ANSWER 1.
Bermudagrass (common or hybrid), 2. Centipede grass, 3. Bahiagrass, 4. St.
Augustine grass, 5. Zoysia grass, 6. Seashore Paspalum, 7. Carpetgrass
Determine three site issues that could lead to poor turf standing and pest concerns. -
ANSWER 1. Compacted soils, 2. Shade: 3. Reduced airflow (fences, trees,
outbuildings).
Identify four faults in turf plant care that can lead to poor turf stands and pest
infestation. - ANSWER 1. Mowing too short, 2. Mowing with dull blades, 3.
Excess fertiliser (which causes thatch), 4. Too much water
Describe the difference between total and progressive metamorphosis. - ANSWER
Gradual transformation - insects resemble miniature adult versions. Complete
metamorphosis: appear substantially different from adults, develop into pupae, and
then mature into adults.
Describe how chinch bugs degrade lawns. - ANSWER: Circular patches of
yellowing lawn that resemble drought damage.
Identify four pests that can cause root damage to turf. - Answer: Japanese bug,
Green Jun bug, Masked Chafer, Oriental.
Beetle, Mole, Cricket.
Explain how frequent mowing affects fire ants. - ANSWER: Moves colonies to less
damaged locations. More mowing means less time to build colonies.
Describe three methods for finding turf insects in the soil. - ANSWER 1. Inspect
the turf. 2. Flush with soap and water three times. Flotation
, Explain the use of traps to monitor lawn insects. - ANSWER 1. Predict when
damage may occur. 2. Determine control strategies based on the amount and
number of insects.
Identify four pest-control issues created by a thick thatch covering. - ANSWER 1.
Winter refuge for bugs, 2. Creates a humid environment for sod webworms,
cutworms, and chinch bugs. 3. Billbug larvae and white grubs feed on thatch. 4.
Pesticide and biological control movements are hampered. 5. Prevent irrigation/rain
from reaching the soil; insecticides will not be soaked.
Describe three species of organisms employed in the biological management of
lawn insects. - ANSWER 1. Predators hunt out and attack prey, 2. Wasps paralyse
parasites, which are then used as food for larvae. Parasitic nematodes consume sod
webworms, cutworms, billbugs, and white grubs. 3. Pathogens include bacterial
and fungal infections, which require specific care.
Explain why certain insecticide formulations should be watered in. - ANSWER
Irrigation prior to pesticide application brings insects closer to the soil surface,
allowing them to become exposed.
Explain why a granular formulation might be utilised on a site with no irrigation. -
ANSWER: They persist longer than liquid formulations while waiting for rain.
Describe cultural management strategies that will help to eliminate weeds in turf. -
ANSWER Plant a species that is suitable to the site, mow at the proper height,
fertilise only when the turf is actively developing, dethatch or aerate when weed
seeds are not forming, manage disease and insect pests to avoid thin patches, and
water infrequently and deeply.
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