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Jonas' Introduction to the U.S. Health Care System, 9th Edition by Raymond L. Goldsteen
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Jonas' Introduction to the U.S. Health Care System, 9th Edition by Raymond L. Goldsteen
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Jonas' Introduction to the U.S. Health Care System 9th Edition By Raymond L. Goldsteen, DrPH, MA; Karen Goldsteen, PhD, MPH; Benjamin Goldsteen, MBA 9780826174024 Chapter 1-13 Complete Guide .
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Test Bank for Jonas' Introduction to the U.S. Health CareSystem, 9th Edition by Raymond L. Goldsteen,
9780826174024, Covering Chapters 1-11 | Includes Rationales
What does a good health care system require? - ANSWER: A good health system delivers quality
services to all people, when and where they need them. It requires:
1. Robust financing mechanisms
2. A well-trained and adequately paid workforce
3. Reliable information to base decisions and policies
4. Well maintained facilities
5. Logistics to deliver quality medicines and technologies
What is health? - ANSWER: • Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and
not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
What are the goals of the AOA? - ANSWER: •DOs practice a "whole person" approach to health care.
•Instead of just treating specific symptoms, DOs concentrate on treating each patient as a whole.
•DOs help patients develop attitudes and lifestyles that don't just fight illness but also help prevent
disease.
What are the determinants of health? - ANSWER: •Health care is just one determinant of health
•Others include
- genetic inheritance
-the physical environment
-the social environment
How can the physical environment affect health? - ANSWER: •Can provide exposure to toxins and
unsafe conditions, including due to employment
-Farm workers: injuries
-Office workers: indoor air pollution
•previously asbestos
•now formaldehyde exposure and radon exposure
How can the social environment affect health? - ANSWER: •Can cause health risks
•Those with a lower socioeconomic status have more health risks, particularly for
-Cardiovascular disease
-Diabetes
-Asthma
-Cancer
-HIV/AIDS
What are the 10 leading causes of death in the US? - ANSWER: 1.Heart disease
2.Cancer
3.COVID-19 (new on the list in 2020; killed 350,831 in 2020 & 416,893 in 2021)
4.Accidents (unintentional injuries)
5.Stroke (cerebrovascular diseases)
6.Chronic lower respiratory diseases
7.Alzheimer's disease
8.Diabetes
,9.Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis
10.Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis
What is the focus of health care and how is it categorized? - ANSWER: •The central focus of health
care is to restore health or prevent exacerbation of health problems
•Health care can be categorized as primary, secondary, and tertiary
What is primary prevention? - ANSWER: •Eliminate risk factors for a disease
•For example:
-use automobile seat belts
-use condoms
-protect skin from ultraviolet light
-tobacco cessation programs
-dietary modifications
What is Secondary Prevention? - ANSWER: •Early detection of disease so treatment is more effective
What is Tertiary Prevention? - ANSWER: -Focuses on optimum treatment of identified disease to
reduce the incidence of later complications
-May include rehabilitation and
limitation of disability
What was the focus on health care prior to 2010? - ANSWER: •Previous focus on secondary & tertiary
prevention, not on primary, except for provisions of immunizations
What did the 2010 affordable care act change focus to? - ANSWER: •2010 Affordable Care Act
changed focus to maintenance of health prior to the onset of disease in several ways, including:
-removing deductibles & copays for preventive services
-providing grants to employers for wellness programs
-insurance premium discounts for employers with wellness programs
-requiring chain restaurants to publish
calorie counts for their food
What are the 6 components of a health care system? - ANSWER: •the facilities where health care is
provided
•the workforce that provides the health care services
•the supplies or therapeutics, aka medical products (pharmaceuticals and medical equipment)
•leadership and governance
•the financing mechanisms
•information systems for performance evaluation
What are princpal players in US health care system? - ANSWER: •The governmental health care sector
(aka public sector)
•The private, nonprofit health care sector
•The private, for-profit health care sector
What organization are components of health care? - ANSWER: •Components of a health care system
interact and function to provide health services
•Need organizations with these functions:
-Health care payers
-Health care providers
-Health care policy makers
, How are health care systems evaluated? - ANSWER: •Health care systems can be evaluated on the
following criteria:
-the quality of the health care provided
-the equity achieved in the provision of health care
-the efficiency with which health care is provided
How many people comprise the US health care workforce? - ANSWER: •In 2022, about 18.1 million
people worked in the health care system
•This was up from about 15.7 million in 2010
What is primary care? - ANSWER: -what most people need most of the time for health and illness
-Includes personal treatment and preventive measures
•Promotion of personal lifestyle/behavior change (e.g. regular exercise),immunization, prenatal care,
periodic health examination for early disease prevention, treatment for illness
What is secondary care? - ANSWER: Secondary care:
-services are available in physicians' offices and community hospitals
-Includes most surgical procedures, diagnostic, and treatment interventions of specialists
•For example: radiologists, cardiologists, ophthalmologists
What is Tertiary Care? - ANSWER: Tertiary care
-highly specialized diagnostic, therapeutic, and rehabilitative services that require staff and
equipment beyond what an average community hospital has available
-care is generally available in major medical centers
•For example: open heart surgery, organ transplantation, complex chemotherapy and radio-therapy
for cancer, preservation of very low birth weight premature infants
What are US health care facilities? - ANSWER: •Two main types of health care facilities
-inpatient and outpatient
•Most numerous inpatient are acute care community hospitals (a nonfederal (not run by the federal
government), short-term general or other special hospital)
•In 2021, there were about 5,157 community hospitals with 787,987 beds
What are the 4 categories of inpatient care? - ANSWER: Four functional categories:
•general
•special
•rehabilitation and chronic disease
•psychiatric
What are the 4 ownerships of inpatient care? - ANSWER: 1. government* nonfederal
•State
•Local
•County
•City-county
•Hospital districts
2. government* federal
3. private, not-for-profit
4. private, for-profit
* government owned is also called "public"
How are inpatient care hospitals classified by? - ANSWER: -type of medical condition treated
-number of beds
-control or ownership
-short term or long term (length of stay)
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