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USMLE Step 1 Biostatistics/Epidemiology Questions And Answers Graded A+ $7.99   Add to cart

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USMLE Step 1 Biostatistics/Epidemiology Questions And Answers Graded A+

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Adoption study - compares siblings raised by biological vs adoptive parents measures heritability and influence of environment Observer-expectancy effect - Occurs when a researcher's belief in the efficacy of a treatment changes the outcome of that treatment Chi square - tests the difference be...

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  • August 17, 2024
  • 5
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers
  • USMLE Step 1 Biostatistics/Epidemiology
  • USMLE Step 1 Biostatistics/Epidemiology
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ACADEMICMATERIALS
USMLE Step 1
Biostatistics/Epidemiology
Adoption study - compares siblings raised by biological vs adoptive parents



measures heritability and influence of environment



Observer-expectancy effect - Occurs when a researcher's belief in the efficacy of a treatment
changes the outcome of that treatment



Chi square - tests the difference between 2 or more percentages or proportions of categorical
outcomes (NOT THE MEAN VALUES)



ANOVA - checks difference between the means of 3 or more groups



Attributable Risk - (a / (a+b) ) - (c / (c+d) )



Case control study - compares a group of people with a disease to a group of people without a
disease



Asks, what happened?

Measures odds ratio



Cohort study - Compares a group wit ha given exposure or risk factor to a group without the
exposure



Asks who developed disease?

Measures relative risk

, Confidence Interval - range from [mean - Z (SEM)] to [mean + Z (SEM)]

Z = 1.96 for 95% CI

Z = 2.58 for 99% CI



On the test, it may be easier to remember the Z values as 2 and 2.5 for easier calculations and
memorization



Confounding Bias - Occurs when factor is related to both exposure and outcome, but is not the
the causal pathway; factor distorts or confuses effect of the exposure on outcome



Cross-sectional study - Collects data from a group of people to asses frequency of disease



Asks what is happening?

Measures disease prevalence



Gaussian curve standard deviation %'s - +/- 1 SD = 68%

+/- 2 SD = 95%

+/- 3 SD = 99.7%



Hawthorne effect - Occurs when the group being studied changes its behavior because they know
they are being studied



This looks at new incidences occurring during a time period



Late-Look Bias - Information gathered at an inappropriate time (like surveying dead people)



Lead-time Bias - Early detection confused with increased survival; seen with improved screening
(the natural history of the disease is not changed but catching things earlier, like cervical cancer, makes it
seem as though survival increased)

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