CHA 1 Exam 2
Purpose of the pituitary gland - hormones help regulate other glands in the endocrine system
produces ADH and oxytocin
Respiratory regulation of alkalosis - decreased H+ in blood triggers brain to decrease rate and
depth of breathing-retains CO2
At risk populations for acid-base imbalances - Diabetes, COPD, Renal failure, severe
vomiting/diarrhea
Respiratory acidosis lab values - pH < 7.35, CO2 > 45 mmHg
Metabolic acidosis lab values - pH < 7.35, HCO3 < 22 mEq/L
Respiratory alkalosis lab values - pH > 7.45, CO2 < 35 mmHg
Metabolic alkalosis lab values - pH > 7.45, HCO3 > 26 mEq/L
3 methods of acid base regulation in the body - cellular buffer system
respiratory system
renal system
Acidosis effect on potassium - hyperkalemia
Alkalosis effect on potassium - hypokalemia
RBC/Hgb with H+ buffering
,(LOOK UP) - too many H+ in blood->excess H+ cross into RBC and bind to Hgb resulting in less H+
in blood->K+ leaves cell(hyperkalemia)
vice-versa in alkalosis->K+ must enter cell(hypokalemia)
Respiratory regulation of acidosis - increased H+ in blood triggers brain to increase rate and
depth-"blows off" excess CO2, Kussmaul breathing
Renal regulation of acidosis - kidneys reabsorb as well as create more HCO3, while excreting H+
Renal regulation of alkalosis - kidneys excrete HCO3 and reabsorb H+
pH range - 7.35-7.45
PaCO2 range - 35-45
HCO3 range - 22-26
Patients at risk for respiratory acidosis - respiratory depression
anesthesia
opioids
airway obstruction
COPD
Patients at risk for metabolic acidosis - DKA
kidney failure
diarrhea
excessive alcohol or ASA
, Patients at risk for respiratory alkalosis - hyperventilation
panic attack
mechanical ventilation
Patients at risk for metabolic alkalosis - prolonged vomiting
NG suctioning
diuretics
TPN
antacids
First sign of acidosis - confusion/lethargy(d/t CNS depression)
Interventions for respiratory acidosis - maintain airway, breathing status hourly, bronchodilators,
O2 sats
Interventions for metabolic acidosis - treat cause(insulin if DKA), IV hydration, IV bicarb if low
Interventions for alkalosis - treat cause(stop diuretics if caused by that, antiemetics if vomiting)
Patient safety
Purpose of adrenal glands - secrete Aldosterone, cortisol, and catecholamines
Purpose of pancreas - secretion of digestive enzymes and regulates blood sugars
Purpose of parathyroid glands - secrete PTH-regulates calcium and phosphorus
Purpose of thyroid gland - controls metabolism
Purpose of the pituitary gland - hormones help regulate other glands in the endocrine system
produces ADH and oxytocin
Respiratory regulation of alkalosis - decreased H+ in blood triggers brain to decrease rate and
depth of breathing-retains CO2
At risk populations for acid-base imbalances - Diabetes, COPD, Renal failure, severe
vomiting/diarrhea
Respiratory acidosis lab values - pH < 7.35, CO2 > 45 mmHg
Metabolic acidosis lab values - pH < 7.35, HCO3 < 22 mEq/L
Respiratory alkalosis lab values - pH > 7.45, CO2 < 35 mmHg
Metabolic alkalosis lab values - pH > 7.45, HCO3 > 26 mEq/L
3 methods of acid base regulation in the body - cellular buffer system
respiratory system
renal system
Acidosis effect on potassium - hyperkalemia
Alkalosis effect on potassium - hypokalemia
RBC/Hgb with H+ buffering
,(LOOK UP) - too many H+ in blood->excess H+ cross into RBC and bind to Hgb resulting in less H+
in blood->K+ leaves cell(hyperkalemia)
vice-versa in alkalosis->K+ must enter cell(hypokalemia)
Respiratory regulation of acidosis - increased H+ in blood triggers brain to increase rate and
depth-"blows off" excess CO2, Kussmaul breathing
Renal regulation of acidosis - kidneys reabsorb as well as create more HCO3, while excreting H+
Renal regulation of alkalosis - kidneys excrete HCO3 and reabsorb H+
pH range - 7.35-7.45
PaCO2 range - 35-45
HCO3 range - 22-26
Patients at risk for respiratory acidosis - respiratory depression
anesthesia
opioids
airway obstruction
COPD
Patients at risk for metabolic acidosis - DKA
kidney failure
diarrhea
excessive alcohol or ASA
, Patients at risk for respiratory alkalosis - hyperventilation
panic attack
mechanical ventilation
Patients at risk for metabolic alkalosis - prolonged vomiting
NG suctioning
diuretics
TPN
antacids
First sign of acidosis - confusion/lethargy(d/t CNS depression)
Interventions for respiratory acidosis - maintain airway, breathing status hourly, bronchodilators,
O2 sats
Interventions for metabolic acidosis - treat cause(insulin if DKA), IV hydration, IV bicarb if low
Interventions for alkalosis - treat cause(stop diuretics if caused by that, antiemetics if vomiting)
Patient safety
Purpose of adrenal glands - secrete Aldosterone, cortisol, and catecholamines
Purpose of pancreas - secretion of digestive enzymes and regulates blood sugars
Purpose of parathyroid glands - secrete PTH-regulates calcium and phosphorus
Purpose of thyroid gland - controls metabolism
