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AQA A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY – APPROACHES EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
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AQA A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY – APPROACHES EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
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AQA A-LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY –APPROACHES EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Origins of Psychology - Answer-Wundt founded first ever psychological lab in Germany
in 1879.
Aimed to document and describe the nature of human consciousness.
Developed *introspection*
Introspection - Answer-Involved recording own conscious thoughts.
Aim was to break these thoughts down into their constituent parts.
Isolating the structure of consciousness in this way is known as *Structuralism*
Origins of psychology - Evaluation - Answer--Wundt's methods were unreliable:
- non observable responses
- hard to reproduce
-Introspection is inaccurate
+Scientific approach
- Brought objective systematic methods
-Lab studies produce low ecological results
Assumption of the behaviourist approach - Answer-Blank slate
All behavior is learnt other than survival instincts
Animals can be used in research
No difference between man and brute
Rejection of introspection
Reliant upon lab experiments to maintain control and objectivity
2 forms of learning: classical and operant conditioning.
Classical conditioning - Answer-Learning through association
, Pavlov research - dogs associate sound of bell with food if bell is rung consistently
before feeding.
Classical conditioning procedure - Answer-Before conditioning:
Unconditioned stimulus (Food) = unconditioned response (Salivation).
Neutral stimulus (Bell) = no conditioned response (No salivation).
During conditioning:
Neutral stimulus (Bell) + Unconditioned stimulus (Food) = Unconditioned response
(Salivation).
After Conditioning:
Conditioned stimulus (Bell) = Conditioned Response (Salivation)
Operant conditioning - Answer-Learning through consequences
Skinner (1953) suggested that learning is an active process where humans and animals
operate in their environment.
There are 3 types of consequences of behaviour: Positive reinforcement, Negative
reinforcement, punishment.
Positive reinforcement - Answer-Receiving a reward when a certain behaviour is
performed.
Example - Praise from a teacher for answering a question.
Negative reinforcement - Answer-Performance of a behaviour to avoid something
unpleasant.
Example - Handing in homework to avoid being told off.
Behaviourist Approach - Evaluation - Answer-+Influential in giving psychology greater
credibility and status as a result of its largely lab based research.
+Real life application - Token economy systems
-Mechanistic view of behaviour - humans seen as passive machine like responders with
no conscious insight into own behaviour.
Assumptions of social learning theory - Answer-People learn through *observation and
imitation* of others within a social context.
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