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  3. Grand Canyon University
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Summary Bio 182 Exam 2 Study Guide

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This is a comprehensive and detailed Exam 2 Study Guide for Bio 182. * Essential!! * For effective practice and preparation for exam 2. * For you!!

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  • August 18, 2024
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  • 2021/2022
  • Summary

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Study Guide 2
Directions: This study guide has created from the exam bank of questions. It is designed to
give indications about what concepts will be important to review in preparation for the test. Use
the PowerPoint slides along with reading the textbook and notes taken during lecture to study
effectively. Do not concentrate solely on the definitions. This study guide is intentionally broad
so that it may be used by multiple instructors.

Chapter 29 – Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land
● Describe in detail the five derived traits of land plants:
○ alternation of generations – sporophyte versus gametophyte
■ the life cycle of all plants alternates between gametophytes and
sporophytes
■ gametophytes produce haploid gametes
■ two gametes fertilize and form diploid zygote
■ zygote develops into sporophyte through mitosis (2n)
■ mature sporophyte produces haploid spores through meiosis
■ spores develop into haploid gametophytes through mitosis (n)
■ cycle repeats

○ multicellular/dependent embryos – placental transfer cells
■ defining trait; gives plants the name embryophytes
■ embryos develop from zygotes
■ has “specialized placental transfer cells”
■ enhances nutrient transfer from maternal tissue through ingrowths
in cell wall and plasma membrane
■ embryo grows within female gametophyte tissue
■ protects it from harsh environmental factors

○ walled spores produced in sporangia – sporangia versus sporocytes
■ Multicellular sporophytes have organs that produce spores
■ sporangium(organ that produces spores) produces sporocytes(diploid
cells)
■ sporophytes undergo meiosis and produce haploid spores
■ sporangium protects developing spores
■ spores have polymer sporopollenin membrane that make walls of spores
tough
■ protects them from the elements and prevents drying out while air
traveling

, ○ multicellular gametangia – gametangia, antheridia, archegonia
■ gametophytes produce gametes in organs called gametangia
■ Female gametangia = archegonia
■ Produces a single nonmotile (doesn’t move) egg that is
retained in fleshy part of archegonium
■ Male gametangia = antheridia
■ Produces sperm and releases them into environment.

○ apical meristems
■ apical meristems– regions at tips of plant body that grow
■ cells divide repeatedly
■ cells turn into outer epidermis and various types of internal tissue
■ apical meristems of shoots can become leaves
■ plants grow out shoots and roots to collect more environmental resources
■ water and minerals – roots
■ Co2 and sunlight -shoots

● Define these terms: sporopollenin, cuticle, stomata
○ Stomata
■ Specialized pores
■ Allows gas exchange (CO2 and O2)
■ Water transpiration
○ Cuticle
■ Covering over epidermis
■ Made up of wax and other polymers
■ Prevents dehydration, acts as a waterproofing and protects against
microbial attacks
○ Sporopollenin
■ Polymer membrane found around spores that protect them from the
environment
■ Keeps them from drying up

● Characterize the following plant groups, include information about the life cycle, noting
which generation is dominant:
○ Vascular seeded plants
■ Seeds is an embryo packed with nutrients and protective coating
■ Gymnosperms– seeds not enclosed in chambers
■ Angiosperms– seeds encased in chambers and originate within flower

○ Nonvascular plants (bryophytes)–
○ Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses

, ■ Do not have vascular tissue/extensive transport system within plant body
■ Lifecycles dominated by gametophytes
■ Which are larger than sporophytes present only part of the time
■ Requires film of water for sperm to reach egg
■ Protonema
■ Green, branched, one cell thick filaments
■ Produced by germinating moss spores
■ Produces one or more “buds”
■ Have apical meristem that generates gametophores
■ Gametophore
■ Gamete producing structure
■ Gametophore + protonema = moss gametophyte
■ Rhizoids
■ Anchors gametophytes
■ Tubular single cells or filaments
■ Not composed of tissue, no primary role in water or mineral
absorption
■ Bryophyte sporophytes are small and remain attached to parental
gametophyte
■ Foot
■ Embedded in archegonium
■ Absorbs nutrients from gametophyte
■ Seta
■ “stalk”
■ Conducts nutrients to sporangium
■ Capsule
■ Produces spores by meiosis
■ Peristome
■ found on upper part of capsule
■ teeth like structures
■ opens in dry conditions and closes in moist
■ allows for gradual release of spores in accordance with the
wind
■ bryophytes do not have vascular tissue/extensive transport system within
plant body
■ Lifecycles dominated by gametophytes
■ Which are larger than sporophytes (present only part of the time)

○ Seedless vascular plants–
○ Lycophytes – club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts

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