Study Guide 2
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Chapter 29 – Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land
● Describe in detail the five derived traits of land plants:
○ alternation of generations – sporophyte versus gametophyte
■ the life cycle of all plants alternates between gametophytes and
sporophytes
■ gametophytes produce haploid gametes
■ two gametes fertilize and form diploid zygote
■ zygote develops into sporophyte through mitosis (2n)
■ mature sporophyte produces haploid spores through meiosis
■ spores develop into haploid gametophytes through mitosis (n)
■ cycle repeats
○ multicellular/dependent embryos – placental transfer cells
■ defining trait; gives plants the name embryophytes
■ embryos develop from zygotes
■ has “specialized placental transfer cells”
■ enhances nutrient transfer from maternal tissue through ingrowths
in cell wall and plasma membrane
■ embryo grows within female gametophyte tissue
■ protects it from harsh environmental factors
○ walled spores produced in sporangia – sporangia versus sporocytes
■ Multicellular sporophytes have organs that produce spores
■ sporangium(organ that produces spores) produces sporocytes(diploid
cells)
■ sporophytes undergo meiosis and produce haploid spores
■ sporangium protects developing spores
■ spores have polymer sporopollenin membrane that make walls of spores
tough
■ protects them from the elements and prevents drying out while air
traveling
, ○ multicellular gametangia – gametangia, antheridia, archegonia
■ gametophytes produce gametes in organs called gametangia
■ Female gametangia = archegonia
■ Produces a single nonmotile (doesn’t move) egg that is
retained in fleshy part of archegonium
■ Male gametangia = antheridia
■ Produces sperm and releases them into environment.
○ apical meristems
■ apical meristems– regions at tips of plant body that grow
■ cells divide repeatedly
■ cells turn into outer epidermis and various types of internal tissue
■ apical meristems of shoots can become leaves
■ plants grow out shoots and roots to collect more environmental resources
■ water and minerals – roots
■ Co2 and sunlight -shoots
● Define these terms: sporopollenin, cuticle, stomata
○ Stomata
■ Specialized pores
■ Allows gas exchange (CO2 and O2)
■ Water transpiration
○ Cuticle
■ Covering over epidermis
■ Made up of wax and other polymers
■ Prevents dehydration, acts as a waterproofing and protects against
microbial attacks
○ Sporopollenin
■ Polymer membrane found around spores that protect them from the
environment
■ Keeps them from drying up
● Characterize the following plant groups, include information about the life cycle, noting
which generation is dominant:
○ Vascular seeded plants
■ Seeds is an embryo packed with nutrients and protective coating
■ Gymnosperms– seeds not enclosed in chambers
■ Angiosperms– seeds encased in chambers and originate within flower
○ Nonvascular plants (bryophytes)–
○ Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses
, ■ Do not have vascular tissue/extensive transport system within plant body
■ Lifecycles dominated by gametophytes
■ Which are larger than sporophytes present only part of the time
■ Requires film of water for sperm to reach egg
■ Protonema
■ Green, branched, one cell thick filaments
■ Produced by germinating moss spores
■ Produces one or more “buds”
■ Have apical meristem that generates gametophores
■ Gametophore
■ Gamete producing structure
■ Gametophore + protonema = moss gametophyte
■ Rhizoids
■ Anchors gametophytes
■ Tubular single cells or filaments
■ Not composed of tissue, no primary role in water or mineral
absorption
■ Bryophyte sporophytes are small and remain attached to parental
gametophyte
■ Foot
■ Embedded in archegonium
■ Absorbs nutrients from gametophyte
■ Seta
■ “stalk”
■ Conducts nutrients to sporangium
■ Capsule
■ Produces spores by meiosis
■ Peristome
■ found on upper part of capsule
■ teeth like structures
■ opens in dry conditions and closes in moist
■ allows for gradual release of spores in accordance with the
wind
■ bryophytes do not have vascular tissue/extensive transport system within
plant body
■ Lifecycles dominated by gametophytes
■ Which are larger than sporophytes (present only part of the time)
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