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Biology 1320 Exam 3 Bergh Questions With Correct Solutions, Already Passed!!
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RNA nucleotide base pairings - Cytosine (C) pairs to Guanine (G) Adenine (A) pairs to Uracil (U) DNA Sructure - because of this complementary base pairing, the order of the bases in one strand determines the order of the bases in the other strand Griffith's Experiment - in the 1920's, Frederick...

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  • August 18, 2024
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Biology 1320 Exam 3 Bergh
RNA nucleotide base pairings - Cytosine (C) pairs to Guanine (G)

Adenine (A) pairs to Uracil (U)



DNA Sructure - because of this complementary base pairing, the order of the bases in one strand
determines the order of the bases in the other strand



Griffith's Experiment - in the 1920's, Frederick Griffith worked with two strains of Streptococcus
pneumoniae bacteria. It was discovered that DNA was transmitted between the toxic and the harmless
bacteria.



DNA - -deoxyribonucleic acid

-stores the information that the cell needs to produce proteins



transciption - the gene's sequence is copied from DNA to a middleman molecule called mRNA



translation - the gene's sequence is now encoded in mRNA, which directs the production of a
protein



Bacterial Transformation - DNA fragments are transported into the bacterium --> A DNA fragment
is incorporated into the chromosome



DNA Structure is a.... - Double helix



DNA Backbone - Hydrogen bonds connect complementary DNA strands; Opposite ends of the
strand are designated 5' and 3'. Strands oriented in different directions



DNA is composed of - nucleotides

,Nucleotides - the phosphate and sugar form the backbone of the DNA molecule, whereas the
bases form the "rungs". There are four types of nitrogenous bases.



Nucleotide binding in DNA - Adenine (A) binds to Thymine (T)

Guanine (G) binds to Cytosine (C)




Protein Production starts with... - DNA



A _____ is a sequence of DNA that encodes a specific protein - gene



Protein production occurs in 2 stages: - transcription and translation



RNA structure is... - single stranded



DNA function - stores RNA- and protein- encoding information; transfers information to next
generation of cells



RNA function - carries protein-encoding information; helps to make proteins; catalyzes some
reactions



Three types of RNA interact to produce proteins (transcription) - -Messenger RNA (mRNA)

-Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

-Transfer RNA (tRNA)



How does DNA pair with RNA? - DNA --> RNA

A --> U

C --> G

G --> C

, T --> A



Transcription Steps - Initiation, Elongation, Termination



Initiation of Transcription - RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, which is the beginning of the
gene



Elongation in Transcription - RNA polymerase moves along the template strand, making an RNA
copy. Notice that the RNA molecule is complementary to the DNA template strand.



Termination of Transciption - RNA, DNA, and RNA polymerase separate. DNA becomes a double
helix again



What are the three components of a nucleotide and, in a DNA helix, what parts are facing the interior
and which are facing the exterior? - Phosphate group, Sugar (deoxyribose), Nitrogenous Base.

Phosphate and sugar form the backbone facing outward while the bases face the interior.



There are three major classes of RNA molecules produced. What are they and what are their functions? -
mRNA: Messenger RNA transcribes the genetic code form DNA into a form that can be read and
used to make proteins. mRNA carries genetic information from the nuclei to the cytoplasm of a cell.

rRNA: Ribosomal RNA is located in the cytoplasm of a cell, where ribosomes are found. rRNA directs the
translation of mRNA into proteins.

tRNA: Transfer RNA is located in the cellular cytoplasm and is involved in protein synthesis. it brings or
transfers amino acids to the ribosome that correspond to each three-nucleotide codon of rRNA. The
amino acids then can be joined together and processed to make polypeptides and proteins.



Describe the process of translation, in detail. (AND BE SURE YOU KNOW HOW IT DIFFERES FROM
TRNSCRIPTION)o What occurs during initiation? Including pre-initiation complex, then binding of mRNA,
followed by attachment of large ribosome complex.

o What occurs during elongation? Include the function of the second tRNA, the catalytic site, the
attachment of the free amino acids, shifting to the next codon, etc.

o What occurs at termination? What determines an ending point to translation? - Initiation-

tRNA with an attached methionine bind to small ribosomal subunit forming the preinitiation complex.

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