Exam (elaborations)
FLAWS EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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FLAWS EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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FLAWS EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERSMistakes something that is necessary to bring about a situation for something that in
itself is enough to bring about that situation - necessary / precondition / required /
sufficient / enough / ensure - Answers -Bad Conditional Reasoning
Mistakes the cause of a particular phenomenon for the effect of that phenomenon -
effect / result & cause / causal / two things occur in conjunction / one thing happens
after another - Answers -Bad Causal Reasoning
Assuming that because something is true of each of the parts of a whole it is true of the
whole itself - individual members of a group / parts of a whole / group as a whole -
Answers -Whole-to-Part / Part-to-Whole
Makes a sweeping generalization... Based on evidence drawn from a limited number of
atypical cases - generalizing illegitimately / few instances to all instances / particular
case/atypical cases - Answers -Overgeneralization
Uses evidence drawn from a small sample that may well be unrepresentative -
small/biased/unrepresentative sample - Answers -Survey Problems
Relies on two different uses of the term - term, word in two sentences / imprecise,
ambiguous, vague - Answers -Equivocation
Cites the evidence... In direct support of a claim that lies outside their area of expertise -
appeals to, cites / outside area of expertise - Answers -Appeal Fallacies
Uses irrelevant facts to justify a claim - Answers -Irrelevant!
Takes no account of the relative frequency of... In the population as a whole -
percentages, absolute numbers / relative frequency - Answers -Percentages DO NOT
EQUAL Numbers
Confuses an absence of evidence for a hypothesis with the existence of evidence
against the hypothesis - merely possible... Actual / probably true... Certainty / has not
been shown... Not true - Answers -Possibility DOES NOT EQUAL Certainty
Assumes without warrant that a situation allows only two possibilities - excludes
alternative explanation - Answers -False Dichotomy
Misdescribing the... Position, thereby making it easier to challenge - misdescribes /
easier to challenge - Answers -Straw Man
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