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Environmental History Final Exam Devices Questions for Success 2024
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Environmental History Final Exam Devices Questions for Success 2024
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Environmental History Final Exam• John Muir - ANS o Made wooden clocks
o Suffered severe machine accident and was almost blinded
o Helped for Sierra Club (began as hiking club for the wealthy)
o Fought to save Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite, but dam was eventually
approved and he died a year later
• Gifford Pinchot - ANS o Saw conservation as a political vehicle
o Born into wealthy family
o Was appointed chief of USDA Forestry Division and persuaded Teddy Roosevelt
to transfer land to USDA, which created a new US Forest Service with him in
charge
o Midnight Forests
o Wrote The Fight for Conservation - which outlined philosophical underpinnings
of Progressive Era Conservation
o Borrowed from Jeremy Bentham to state that conservation is the "greatest good
of the greatest number for the longest time"
Progressive Conservation - ANS efficient use of natural resources, ending waste,
technical rule by experts, suspicion of corruption, enthusiasm for strong
centralized gov.
• Man and Nature - ANS George Perkins Marsh, 1864
,o Pivotal text of U.S. conservation
o Launched intellectual arguments that would lead conservation ideals - argued
that environmental decline was the reason for Greek and Babylonian demise, and
proposed that we may be doing the same thing
o Ideals from this book were used to help protect Adirondack Park in NY
• Adirondack Park - ANS o Nature preserve in upstate NY
o Protected by ideas from Man and Nature
o Efforts to protect these represented convergence of romantic
sublime/picturesque values with hunting and utilitarian conservation
• Forest Reserve Act - ANS 1891
o Gave president power to set aside national forest reserves
• Owen's valley - ANS o Less popularized Hetch Hetchy
o Was flooded to create Los Angeles Aqueduct
o Provided water for Los Angeles but ended farming in Owens Valley
o Highlights idea of "good for greatest number" - many more people live in the
city..
• Imperial Valley - ANS o New name of Colorado desert
o New ability to transport water to desert areas
o Now one of the most fertile agricultural areas in the world
,• William Ellsworth Smythe - ANS o The Conquest of Arid America
o Promoted government support of irrigation - merged romantic and Utilitarian
views of conservation
o "garden in the desert"
• Francis G. Newland's Reclamation Act of 1902 - ANS o Irrigation movement
prompted creation
o Provided federal funds for irrigation small family farms
• Dr. Jacob Bigelow & Mount Auburn Cemetery - ANS o 1831 Cambridge, MA
o nations first arboretum, became a model for many romantic cemeteries to come
• Andrew Jackson Downing - ANS o 1815-52
o nation's most influential "landscape gardener"
o Theory of Practice of Landscape Architecture
o Constructed landscapes that were "picturesque" (wild, dark, coniferous,
masculine) and "beautiful" (pastoral, light, feminine, deciduous)
• Picturesque vs. Beautiful - ANS o "picturesque" (wild, dark, coniferous,
masculine)
o "beautiful" (pastoral, light, feminine, deciduous)
, • Frederick Law Olmsted - ANS o Designed Central Park in NYC 1857
o Thought of nature as an escape from the anxious, stressful, crowded urban life
o Designed park to be organic and curvy (contrast with grid-like city)
o Designed Ideal Suburb in Riverside, Illinois
Curvy streets, large lots, gardens, commute to work
Access to the city while staying in the beautiful picturesque areas
• Mabel Osgood Wright - ANS o Founder of Connecticut Audubon Society
o Garden of a Communter's Wife - gendered ideals of domesticated suburban
areas
o Convergence of romantic ideals with suburban life
• William Robinson and Gertrude Jekyll - ANS o English garden writers
o Idea of more rustic picturesque plantings "cottage garden"
• Celia Thaxter - ANS o Island Garden
o Gendered celebration of gardening
o Women's role as nurturers of young life, flowers = fertility and feminine beauty,
sign of God's love
• Elizabeth Lawrence - ANS o Gardening for Love
o "market bulletins" served as seed/plant exchange - interest in gardening ranged
across class boundaries
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