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BIOL 114 Midterm Exam (Answered) 158 Questions and Correct Answers With Complete Verified Solution| 100% Correct| Updated Fall 2024/2025. $11.99
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BIOL 114 Midterm Exam (Answered) 158 Questions and Correct Answers With Complete Verified Solution| 100% Correct| Updated Fall 2024/2025.
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BIOL 114 Midterm Exam (Answered) 158 Questions and Correct Answers With Complete Verified Solution| 100% Correct| Updated Fall 2024/2025.

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  • August 19, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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BIOL 114 Midterm Exam (Answered) 158 Questions
and Correct Answers With Complete Verified Solution|
100% Correct| Updated Fall 2024/2025.
metastasis

What term is this? when malignant cells become invasive, cross basal lamina, enter the bloodstream,
and form secondary tumors elsewhere

yes

do malignant cells often dedifferentiate? ie. lose specialized function

5-7

how many different events are usually required for cancer formation?

chemicals, viruses

historically, the world of cancer research was divided into two camps that did not communicate with
each other - those that thought cancer resulted from exposure to__________________ in the
environment and those that though cancer was caused by ___________

epithelial cells

the most common forms of cancer arise from _________ _______

epithelial, mesenchymal, hematopoetic, and neuroectodermal

what are the four main types of cancers, classified by tissue of origin?

mesenchymal cells

what type of cell is this?
cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissues

hematopoetic cells

stem cells in bone marrow that differentiate into blood cells

neuroectodermal cells

neural stem cells that differentiate into neurons and glia

carcinoma

what type of cancer is this? arises from cells that form protective epithelia

adenocarcinoma

what type of cancer is this? arises from secretory epithelia

,sarcoma

what type of cancer is this? arises from mesenchymal tissues like bone, adipose (fatty) tissue and muscle

leukemia

what type of cancer is this? a cancer of hematopoetic tissue that circulates in the circulatory and
lymphatic system

lymphoma

what kind of cancer is this? a cancer of hematopoetic tissue that forms masses in the circulatory and
immune systems

bone marrow

where are hematopoetic stem cells located?

basal lamina

what term is this? the extracellular layer associated with a sheet of stem cells (basal layer) in epithelial
tissue

self-renew or differentiate

what are the two possible routes that ALL stem cells can undergo?

stromal cells

another term for mesenchymal cells

squamous layer

flat, scale-like epithelial cells comprising the outermost layer of epithelial tissue

keratinocytes

an epidermal cell that produces keratin.

stem cell, progenitor cell, differentiating keratinocyte, keratinocyte

in cervical epithelial tissue (and many other epithelial tissues), what is the order of differentiation?

Transient amplifying cells

what is another term used to describe progenitor cells?

dysplasia

this is the first stage of pathologically visible steps in the development of a cancer of epithelial tissue:
Benign precancerous tumor that can be identified by disorder in the patter of differentiation and dividing
cells that are no longer confined to the basal layer

Carcinoma in situ

, This is the second stage of pathologically visible steps in the development of a cancer in epithelial tissue:
Cell division and differentiation are much more disrupted that previously seen in dysplasia. All layers of
the epithelium contain dividing cells that are highly variable in size and karyotype

malignant carninoma

this is the third stage of pathologically visible steps in the development of cancer in epithelial tissue: cells
cross the basal lamina and enter underlying tissues. This allows them to enter the bloodstream and go
on to form tumors in other parts of the body i.e. metastasis

metalloproteases

metastasis requires that cells pick up the ability to chew through the basal lamina by activating
extracellular proteinases calles _________________________

environment

metastasis requires that malignant cells be able to tolerate a very different ________ in order to survive

clonal

Cancer proceeds in a stepwise fashion; the process follows a __________ progression

gain of function, dominant

Is an oncogenic mutation a loss of function or gain of function to the gene? Is it usually dominant or
recessive?

loss of function

is a tumor suppressor mutation a loss of function or gain of function to the gene?

proto-oncogene, tumor suppressor gene

what class of cancer-critical genes stimulate cell division and growth? What class of cancer-critical genes
regulate cell division?

single-stranded RNA

retroviruses are viruses with ______-________ RNA genomes

randomly

after reverse transcription, retroviruses integrate their double-stranded DNA __________ into the host
chromosome

LTR (Long terminal repeat)

retroviruses contain a promoter for transcription in a region known as the ___

gag, pol, env

what are the three genes common to retroviruses?

gag

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