Midterm Exam: NR503 / NR 503 (Latest Update 2024 / 2025) Population Health, Epidemiology & Statistical Principles | Exam Guide Questions and Verified Answers | 100% Correct | Grade A - Chamberlain
Question:
Can you talk about the ways bias shows up in a study design (such as, selection bias...
Midterm Exam: NR503 / NR 503
(Latest Update )
Population Health, Epidemiology &
Statistical Principles | Exam Guide
Questions and Verified Answers |
100% Correct | Grade A -
Chamberlain
Question:
Can you talk about the ways bias shows up in a study design (such as,
selection bias) etc?
Answer:
Selection bias occurs when subjects in a sample are not representative of the
population of interest.
For example, selecting only males for a study is not representative of the
whole population.
Informational bias can occur when information is not complete or may be
inaccurate. For example, blood pressure reading taken from cuffs that are too
small.
,Question:
What is different in a randomized control trial than, for instance, a case-
control study (or a cohort study)?
What does it mean to show a causal relationship?
Answer:
RCTs are useful for evaluating treatments (including technology) and for
assessing new ways of organizing and delivering health services. The basic
design of an RCT is to assign subjects randomly to either receive the new
treatment/intervention or not receive the new treatment/intervention. RCTs
can compare more than two groups.
___________ studies are studies in which patients who already have a specific
condition are compared with people who do not have the condition. The
researcher looks back to identify factors or exposures that might be associated
with the illness. They often rely on medical records and patient recall for data
collection. These types of studies are often less reliable than randomized
controlled trials and cohort studies because showing a statistical relationship
does not mean than one factor necessarily caused the other.
_________ are carefully planned experiments that introduce a treatment or
Question:
What is an intervention group? Where is it found?
Answer:
The _________ group is the group in a randomized control trial that receives
the treatment.
,Question:
What is each type of study used for, its purpose, and its outcomes?
How are the outcomes different in each study design?
Measured?
Answer:
Case control studies are studies in which patients who already have a specific
condition are compared with people who do not have the condition. The
researcher looks back to identify factors or exposures that might be associated
with the illness. They often rely on medical records and patient recall for data
collection. These types of studies are often less reliable than randomized
controlled trials and cohort studies because showing a statistical relationship
does not mean than one factor necessarily caused the other.
Cohort studies identify a group of patients who are already taking a particular
treatment or have an exposure, follow them forward over time, and then
compare their outcomes with a similar group that has not been affected by the
treatment or exposure being studied. Cohort studies are observational and
not as reliable as randomized controlled studies, since the two groups may
differ in ways other than
, Question:
prospective study
Answer:
Is a study watches for outcomes, such as the development of a disease, during
the study period and relates this to other factors such as suspected risk or
protection factor(s). The study usually involves taking a cohort of subjects and
watching them over a long period. The outcome of interest should be
common; otherwise, the number of outcomes observed will be too small to be
statistically meaningful (indistinguishable from those that may have arisen by
chance). All efforts should be made to avoid sources of bias such as the loss of
individuals to follow up during the study. This usually has fewer potential
sources of bias and confounding than retrospective studies.
Pros- High Quality Data, Future Proof, Strong Validity
Cons- Expensive and time consuming.
Question:
retrospective study design
Answer:
This study looks backwards and examines exposures to suspected risk or
protection factors in relation to an outcome that is established at the start of
the study.
CON:
- Most sources of error due to confounding and bias are more common in
retrospective studies than in prospective studies. For this reason,
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