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Dev Psych Prelim 2 Exam Questions and Answers.
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Dev Psych Prelim 2 Exam Questions and Answers.Integrating social information with locomotor experience when negotiating risky slopes
(Tamis-LeMonda & Adolph) - - when an infant is on a slope of unknown riskiness,
looking for social info is a profound step for baby
- conditions: mom encouraging or discouraging
Development of tool use and flexible motor strategies (video onspoon study, handrail
study) - Spoon study
o Spoon with handle facing opposite directions
o When young always use dominate hand even if it is awkward to get food in mouth
o When get older learn to use tools more appropriately alternating between hands
based on direction of handle
Using a hand rail
o Soft vs. hard wooden hand rail
o Babies know the affordances of each (trust wood but not soft rail)
o Babies who are cruising (support affordances during early walking) learn about object
solidity
Behaviors of babies (shaking handrail, biting it) actually help them to know the support
affordances and as they become better walkers they know strategies to test affordances
of objects
Piaget (sensorimotor substages) - 1) 0-1.5 months: reflex schemas
2) 1.5-4 months: primary circular reactions
-- repetition of pleasurable acts (sucking on foot and thumb)
-- do behaviors on yourself and learn that you HAVE behaviors
3) 4-8 months: secondary circular reactions
-- explore cause and effect relationships
-- ex: babbling, vocalizing
4) 8-12 months: coordination of secondary circular reactions
-- combine early schema to solve problems
-- assembling diff behaviors to create change
5) 12-19 months: tertiary circular reactions
-- vary behavior to solve problems with experimentation
-- ex: throwing diff objects to see how things fall and where they go
6) 18-24 months: beginning of symbolic representation
-- things can stand for other things
-- pretend play: you don't need juice to pretend drink juice
, Thelen's approach to performance on the AnotB task (emergence from multiple
developmental factors) - -- Thought Piaget just tested about infants on objects (doesn't
think object permanence develops within Piaget's time frame) -- A not B test for
examples of infants acting on objects
-- Knowledge of hidden objects emerges gradually from development changes in
reaching, motor control, memory, and the accumulation of lots of interaction with objects
Development of memory:
1) Mobile/train task
2) Developmental increases in retention interval - -- mems are usually connected to
certain specific contexts
-- reinforcing mem can help maintain it
Challenges to Piaget: Competence/performance distinction - --
competence/performance distinction --> babies cannot control behavior
-- should've used eye gaze, the only think infants have control over
Problems with Baillargeon's work (Cashon & Cohen) - -- "Violation of expectancy"
paradigm-- if something violates infants expectation of physics infant will look longer
(longer time corresponds to violation of expectations)
-- habituation test: object placed behind screen, then screen rotates up and into the
object
Criticism:
-- Babies were paying attention to amount of screen movement and novelty of the
object, NOT the relationship between objects
-- Cohen and Bogartz habituated infants to impossible events, and then they spend
more time looking at possible events
-- Study that just says infants look at different things
Power and pitfalls of the violation-of-expectations method - Power: if you accept that
babies cannot tell you everything they known, looking paradigm may be a way to learn
about early cognitive abilities
Pitfalls: Habituation/Dishabituation trials were originally meant to study visual dev (can
you see the difference between two objects) NOT cognitive function.
-- The amount of habituation is about change in visual stimulation not actually what
baby knows about the world. You may think you are measuring babies ability to do math
when
really they are just tracking amount of stimuli.
Development of numerosity: Wynn (nativist) and Clearfield(constructivist) research -
Wynn: Argues that children are using logic, and can add and subtract
-- *Addition and subtraction*
-- Screen goes up hiding one toy, another toy is added, but when screen goes down
only one toy (alternate between impossible vs. possible situations)
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