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CMB2004 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
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CMB2004 EXAM QUESTIONS WITHANSWERS
Are B and T lymphocytes part of the adaptive or innate immune response? -
ANSWER Adaptive it is the immune memory evolved over time
What is the clonal selection theory? - ANSWER Immature lymphocytes that could
self-find are destroyed
Mature naive lymphocytes are mature until they are exposed to antigens
What are the two types of B receptors? - ANSWER Membrane-bound
Anthe d released from membrane they are known as antibodies
T cell receptors are only membrane-bound and are formed of what heterodimer? -
ANSWER Alpha and beta chains
Antibodies are formed if a light and heavy chain, what interactions are there
between the two? - ANSWER Disulphide bridge (Hinge region)
And non covalent interactions
What forms the N terminal region of an antibody? - ANSWER The antigen binding
site of the light and heavy chain is known as the variable region
The C terminal constant region is also known as what? - ANSWER The FC region
(fragment crystallisable)
The region containing the variable region is called FAB (fragment antigen binding)
Glycosylation of C2 modulates binding of heavy chain
The light chains are either lambda or kappa, what chromosome encodes each? -
ANSWER Lambda = chromosome 22 - 30 V genes and 7J
Kappa = chromosome 2 - 52 V genes and 5J
There are 5 isotopes of antibody, what are they? - ANSWER IgM, IgD, IgG, IgE,
,IgA
How many hyper variable loops are there in total? - ANSWER 6
3 in Vh and Vl
What are complimentary determing regions? - ANSWER Sections of the variable
region which bind the antigen
What is an epitope? - ANSWER the part of an antigen molecule to which an
antibody attaches itself
Can be linear = continuous
Conformational = discontinuous
Multitalented antigen - antigen with more than one epitope
What is MHC called in humans? - ANSWER Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)
Which cells present MHCI?
And MHCII? - ANSWER I = on all nucleated cells
II = specialised immune cells
Class 1 is formed of heterodimers of alpha and B2 microglobulins what are the
three types encoded by different alpha genes? - ANSWER HLA-A
HLA-B
HLA-C
Alpha 1 and 2 form beta sheet and the peptide binding cleft
Alpha 3 and beta 2 form ig like domains
CDc8 - stabilisation.
Class 2 is formed if heterodimers of alpha and beta chains with two transmembrane
peptides what are the three tyoes? - ANSWER HLA-DP
, HLA-DQ
HLA-DR
Alpha and beta 1 form the peptide binding cleft
CD4 aid stabilisation
Lymphocyte differentiation involves DNA being broken on purpose and what type
of recombination? - ANSWER Non homologous end joining
What genes encode the heavy chain (TCRb) variable region ? - ANSWER V, D and
J regions
Light chain (TCRa) = V and J
What is the process of recombination of the different gene segments? - ANSWER
Light = V and J first to form VJ then C region
Heavy = D and J then V and D then C
The light chain can use either kappa or lambda genes which is first explored? -
ANSWER Kappa then lambda
Heavy chains = chromosome 14
The constant region gene used determines the isotope of antibody which is first
used? - ANSWER Mu = IgM
After that the others are investigated
What sequence is on the end of the segments to be recombined? - ANSWER
Recombinant signal sequence (RSS)
hat protein complex forms on the RSS motifs bringing the two components that are
to be joined together? - ANSWER Rag1 and Rag2
DNApk, KU, Artemis and DNA ligand are additional factors in the complex
What enzyme adds extra nucleotides to the ends before they are lighted? -
ANSWER Deoxynucleotidyl transferase
Allelic exclusion is where a single B cell only expresses one allele of H and one of
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