Abduction - The movement of a bone away from the mid-line of the body or
away from the axis of an extremity.
Abomasum - The fourth stomach compartment of a ruminant animal; the only compartment that
secretes digestive enzymes and is thus a true stomach.
Abscess - A localized collection of pus accompanied by swelling in any part of the body.
Accessory Sex Gland - A gland associated with the urogenital tract;for example, the prostate and seminal
vesicles in males which provide the fluid needed for sperm transport during ejaculation
Acclimation period - The time given to a newly arrived animal to become accuslomed to its new
surroundings before the research for which it is intended begins.
Acetylcholine - A naturally occurring substance in the body t hat is involved i n the transmission of nerve
impulses.
Acid - Chemical or solution with a pH below 7.Chemicals that have a very low pH can cause chemical
burns to the skin and should be handled cautiously.
Acquired immunity - Immunity acquired through exposure to an antigen,which results in the activation
of immune cells and the formation of antibodies to this antigen. Also called active immunity.
Activity cage - A specialized animal unit or cage that allows an animal to exercise freely while its activity
is being recorded or measured
Acute disease - A disease having rapid onset and short duration.
Acute toxicity test - A test in which the test animal receives a single dose of a test substance.
,Adduction - The movement of a bone toward the midline of the body or toward the axis of an extremity
Ad libitum - Making feed or water availble to the animal at all times
Adipose tissue - tissue made up of cells that store fatty substances,such as lipids and fatty acids. Used as
a source of energy for the body. Also called fatty tissue
Adjuvant - A substance that enhances the potency of another substance. In immunology. it is a
substance that enhances the immune response to antigens
Adrenaline - A hormone that is secreted by the adrenal medulla into the blood stream in response to
physical or mental stress. such as that caused by fear or injury. Adrenaline causes a rapid increase in
blood pressure. metabolic rate, and blood glucose concentration. Also called epinephrine.
Adrenergic - A drug, or other subtance that has effects similar to epinephrine.
Adventitious - Accidental or acquired; not natural or hereditary
Aerosol - A suspension, fine mist. or spray which contains minute particles. Examples of common
aerosolized particles include pollen. medications (as in inhalation therapy)or pathogens
Agar - A polymer made up of subunits of the sugar galactose that becomes gelatinous when dissolved in
hot water and cooled. Used as medium for culturing microorganisms
Agonist - A drug capable of stimulating physiologic activity
Agouti - An animal color pattern in which the hairs are dark brown with yellow bands close to the
tips.giving the animal a light brown appearance.
Agranulocyte - A white blood cell that contains a multilobed nucleus and has microscopic granules in its
cytoplasm; types include leukocytes and monocytes.
, Air exchange - The number of times per hour the ventilation system replaces the air in the room.
Albino - A inherited condition marked by the absence of melanin, resulting in non pigmented skin. coat,
and eyes. An albino animal has white fur or feathers and pink eyes (irises).
Alimentary canal - A long tube extending from the mouth to the anus: includes organs such as the
stomach and intestines. Also called the gastrointestinal tract.
Allele - One member of a pair of genes that occupies a specific site on a given chromosome. Alternate
form of a gene
Allergen - A substance that is recognized as foreign by the immune system and that causes an allergic
reaction
Allergy - Hypersensitivity to certain substances. such as pollens, foods, or microorganisms.
Alopecia - Hairloss, usually associated with a skin disease, fighting, parasites, or barbering.
AItricial - developmental state in which animals are horn blind, hairless, and helpless. Most rodents are
altricial at birth
Alveolus (plural, alveoli) - A microscopic air sac in the lungs where the exchange of respiratory gases
occurs through a network of finely divided blood capillaries
Ambulation - The physical act of walking
Amino acid - The basic chemical building block of which proteins are made
Amorphous - Having no shape or organization.
Analgesic: - A type of drug that alleviates pain without rendering the animal unconscious.
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