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PHM146 (Pharmacology) midtermFinal Exam Questions With Complete Solutions
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PHM146 (Pharmacology) midtermFinal Exam Questions With Complete Solutions
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PHM146 (Pharmacology) midterm\Final Exam QuestionsWith Complete Solutions
Tips on the midterm and final. KNOW EVERY SINGLE
DRUG.
The first few lectures are pretty basic material, which usually
means the midterm is pretty chill (less drugs to memorize).
I found the best way to tackle the course was to first understand
the action of the receptors, and THEN memorize which
receptors are targeted by each drug.
For our year, the multiple choice section of the midterm was
more lenient on knowing each drug action (we had only covered
cholinergic receptors, so the answer could be narrowed down
easily).
On the final exam, you need to know the action of EVERY
SINGLE DRUG. An example MC question would be: "Patient
is taking drug X. If the patient has condition Y, which drug
should they take?" Then the answers are 4 random drugs.
The short answer questions usually ask mechanisms/concepts
which she will emphasize in class.
Activation of which adrenergic receptor stimulates renin
secretion? Correct Answers Beta1.
Define affinity. Correct Answers The level of attraction
between a drug and receptor/enzyme.
Affinity increases with more molecular forces between drug and
receptor/enzyme (van der Waals, ionic, H-bonding, covalent)
,Define agonist in terms of affinity and efficacy. Correct
Answers An agonistic drug has affinity and efficacy.
Define antagonist in terms of affinity and efficacy. Correct
Answers An antagonistic drug has affinity, but does not have
efficacy.
Define efficacy. Correct Answers The ability to produce a
biological effect after a drug binds to a receptor/enzyme.
Describe bethanechol as a drug. Correct Answers Synthetic
analogue of ACh, direct acting on muscarinic receptors.
Targets M3 receptors in GI tract.
Used to increase GI and urinary tract motility after surgery.
Describe carbochol as a drug. Correct Answers Synthetic
analogue of ACh, direct acting on muscarinic receptors.
It is muscarinic-selective at therapeutic doses, but will
sometimes target nicotinic receptors.
Used in the urinary and GI tract, as well as the eye (similar to
pilocarpine).
Describe cause and symptoms of growth hormone deficiency.
Correct Answers May be due to damage to
pituitary/hypothalamus.
In children, results in short stature, adiposity, low growth
velocity.
In adults, increased circulating lipids, reduced exercise
tolerance, obesity.
,Describe depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs. Correct
Answers Their structure is similar to ACh, but they cannot be
broken down by AChE (but can be broken down with plasma
cholinesterases). Thus, when these drugs bind to the nicotinic
receptors, the receptor will be activated constitutively. Causes
paralysis of muscle.
Drug acts in 2 phases: phase I results in muscle paralysis, phase
II results in an un-excitable area around the motor end plate (we
don't know the mechanism of phase II).
ex) Succinylcholine
Describe GH secretion patterns. Correct Answers GH secretion
is highest at puberty, declines during adulthood.
Secreted in irregular, pulsing rhythms. The greatest amount of
GH is secreted at night (after onset of deep sleep).
Describe methacholine as a drug. Correct Answers Synthetic
analogue of ACh, direct acting on muscarinic receptors.
More muscarinic-selective than carbachol.
Used to test for asthma (bronchoconstriction simulates an
asthma attack).
Describe muscarinic receptors. Correct Answers GPCRs.
There are multiple muscarinic receptors, we'll discuss 3:
M1 - found in neuronal tissue, coupled to Gq which stimulates
PLC-beta and ultimately increases [Ca2+]. Leads to muscle
contraction.
M2 - found in heart, coupled to Gi which inhibits AC and
decreases [cAMP]. Reduces smooth muscle tone and reduces
HR.
M3 - found in many different smooth muscle cells.
, Describe nicotinic receptors. Correct Answers There are two
types (muscular and neuronal), which differ by their subunit
composition.
Their effects are blocked by tubocurarine.
They are ion channels which open upon ACh binding (2 ACh
molecules bind to 2 alpha subunits to open the channel).
Describe non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs.
Correct Answers These drugs antagonize nicotinic receptors
and prevent depolarization.
Drugs are usually ionized (hydrophilic). Drugs usually act as
competitive inhibitors so their effects can be overcome with
high release of ACh.
ex) Tubocurarine or pancuronium
Describe signal transduction. Correct Answers Process by
which an extracellular signal exerts a change in activity of the
target cell. This signal is usually transmitted through a series of
enzymes, proteins, and ions.
Describe the action of alpha bungarotoxin. Correct Answers
Blocks the nicotinic receptor.
Describe the action of beta bungarotoxin. Correct Answers
Induces rapid release of ACh and inhibits reuptake of ACh to
the presynaptic neuron.
Describe the action of Botox and its therapeutic applications.
Correct Answers Causes muscle weakness, respiratory
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