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PHM 450 Final Questions And Answers. GOOD LUCK
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PHM 450 Final Questions And Answers. GOOD LUCK
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PHM 450 Final Questions And Answers. GOOD LUCK. Cardiac glycosides: A) Increase the activity of the Na+/K+-
ATPase B) Make the resting membrane potential more negative
C) Can have sympathomimetic and parasympathomimetic
effects D) Decrease ventricular contractility E) Increase AV
conduction Correct Answers c
5 steps of inflammation Correct Answers 1. Macrophages
engulf debris and foreign matter 2. Capillaries dilate and become
more permeable 3. Foreign matter contained 4. More leukocytes
migrate to area 5. Leukocytes clear infection
A particle with a diameter of 1 micron will be deposited in
which part of the lung? A) Nose B) Trachea C) Bronchi D)
Bronchiole E) Alveoli Correct Answers e
acquired vs innate immunity Correct Answers
Actions of interleukins and TNF-alpha Correct Answers Bone
marrow—produce and secrete more leukocytes Act as
endogenous pyrogens Stimulate fever via hypothalamus
Hypothalamus increases body temperature via prostaglandins
IL-1 stimulates proliferation and differentiation of B and T
lymphocytes B cells antibody production T cells cell-mediated
immunity Liver—causes changes in acute phase proteins
produced by hepatocytes (part of the acute phase response -
described in textbook)
Alcohol Correct Answers • Acute toxicity results - reduced
conductivity and a decreased threshold for ventricular
,fibrillation • Chronic consumption - associated with myocardial
abnormalities, arrhythmias and alcoholic cardiomyopathy
(similar symptoms to congestive heart failure)
Alter RBC survival - Hemolysis Correct Answers • Hemolytic
anemia - decrease in the number of red blood cells resulting
from the destruction of circulating cells - Phenylhydrazine and
analine
- Lead and mercury - damage cell membrane
Altered coronary blood flow and oxidative stress Correct
Answers • Any agent that acts on or affects blood flow through
the coronary artery can increase or decrease blood flow to the
heart.
Altering function of hemoglobin - carbon monoxide Correct
Answers
Altering RBC production - anemias Correct Answers •
Pancytopenia - decrease in the numbers of red and white blood
cells and platelets - Radiation, certain chemotherapeutics •
Aplastic anemia - damage to the bone marrow that prevents
hematopoeitic stem cells from producing new cells -
Chloramphenicol (an antibiotic); lindane (a chlorinated
cyclohexane insecticide); and benzene
• Sideroblastic anemia - reduction of red blood cells due to the
blockage of heme synthesis - identified by the accumulation of
iron in the cells of the bone marrow - Lead is a well-known
inducer of sideroblastic anemia through its inhibition of the
enzyme ALA-D and other enzymes important to heme synthesis.
, Alveoli Correct Answers
Another cell type summary Correct Answers
antibodies Correct Answers Also called immunoglobulins (Ig)
Five types: IgM IgG IgE IgD IgA Functions: Opsonization -
coating of a pathogen to promote phagocytosis Initiation of
complementmediated lysis Coating of viral particles to
neutralize infection
antibody structure Correct Answers
Arrhythmias Correct Answers • An irregularity in heartbeat •
Fibrillation - completely asynchronous contraction of muscle
cells • Ventricular arrhythmias are typically much more serious
than atrial arrhythmias (which are often asymptomatic)
Arrhythmias - SA node Correct Answers • Arrhythmias can be
produced indirectly through effects of the autonomic nervous
system on the SA node. - Excessive stimulation of the
sympathetic nervous system can lead to tachycardia (rapid
heartbeat), while excessive stimulation of the parasympathetic
nervous system can lead to bradycardia (decreased heartbeat). -
Ephedrine, pseudoephedrine - Halogenated hydrocarbons
• Direct damage to the cells of the SA node • Atrial fibrillation
(characterized by unsynchronized contraction of atrial cells) also
leads to ventricular rate being set by the AV node.
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