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SPEX303 FINAL EXAM LATEST ACTUAL EXAM 100 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+ $27.99   Add to cart

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SPEX303 FINAL EXAM LATEST ACTUAL EXAM 100 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+

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SPEX303 FINAL EXAM LATEST ACTUAL EXAM 100 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+ SPEX303 FINAL EXAM LATEST ACTUAL EXAM 100 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+

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  • August 20, 2024
  • 33
  • 2024/2025
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SPEX303 FINAL EXAM LATEST 2023-2024 ACTUAL
EXAM 100 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED
A+
Why might testosterone decrease with over-training? - ANSDecreased testicular LH receptor sensitivity
from increased ACTH and cortisol

Enzymatic inhibition or direct on Leydig cells by cortisol

Head trauma?

Increased breakdown of testosterone

Effect on sex hormone binding globulins



What are some Anti-reproductive hormones? - ANSMelatonin, Prolactin, Beta-endorphin, cortisol



Melanin - where is it secreted from? when is it secreted? what can it impair? - ANSPineal glands - high at
night, low during day, increases with exercise in day but not at night

May impair rhythm of release of sex hormones



Prolactin - when does it secrete? - ANSWith exercise



Opiod peptides (beta-endorphins) can be secreted when? Effect on GnRH and LH? - ANSduring long-
lasting exercise, >60mins or highly intensive, anaerobic exercise shorter (30 mins or less)

Decreases GnRH and LH pulsatility



Why is plasma creatine kinase activity an indicator of overtraining? - ANSShouldn't be in the
bloodstream and therefore is an indicator of muscle damage



What are some practical ways of avoiding over-training? - ANSHard day:Easy day principle

Adjust diet to accommodate needs - CHO and protein

,What factor is the quickest to detrain? - ANSStroke volume (diastolic filling) - primary function of
reduced plasma volume



What are the fibre type changes when detraining? - ANSType IIa to IIb



Detraining/Conditioning - adaptations to the environment (recumbent position) - ANSDecrease
hydrostatic pressure to lower extremities

Elimination longitudinal compression long bones, spine

Reduced force all bones

Reduced energy expenditure



Bedrest observations - early work - ANSIncrease: Na+ and Ca++, decrease O2 uptake

Effects on: BMR, muscle atrophy, bone demineralisation, CHO metabolism



Plasma volume decreases with prolonged bedrest - Possible contributors for this? - ANSGauer-Henry
Reflex - headward shift of fluid produces transient increase in BV, compensatory loss of water and
sodium

ANP release

Decreased sensitivity of kidneys to fluid

Decrease plasma protein



Prolonged muscular activation can result in? - ANSFatigue



Define fatigue - ANSInability to maintain a given or expected power output or force production



Central fatigue? - ANSCentral command, motoneurons, conducive pathways to motor endplates



Peripheral fatigue - ANSPeripheral nervous system - excitation (contractile coupling), contractile
processes

Muscle - sarcolemma, myofibril, sarcoplasmic reticulum

,Why do some motor units fatigue before others? - ANSFibre type differences



Why could there be a change in motor unit activation after continued activity? - ANSAltered recruitment
pattern

Support from surrounding units not initially activated



Muscular contractions: Origins of fatigue - ANSLong-lasting endurance exercise, moderate intensity

- central fatigue, neurotransmitter, production (serotonin) or lack of (noradrenaline)

- IL-6

- peripheral fatigue - substrate reduction



High intensity

- peripheral fatigue - metabolite accumulation, Na+/K+ imbalance



Sites of Fatigue - Excitation - ANSNeuromuscular junction, voltage gates Na+/K+ channels, sarcolemma t-
tubules



Sites of Fatigue - Excitation-contraction coupling - ANST-tubules, Ca++ release, binding troponin



Sites of Fatigue - Contractile Processes - ANSBinding actin and myosin, cross-bridge formation, uptake
Ca++ into sarcoplasmic reticulum, relaxation role of ATP



Role of Metabolites in Fatigue - ANSIncreased [H+] decreases Ca++ sensitivity, binding of Ca++ to
troponin

Increased [Pi] also affects Ca++ activated tension

Increased [Mg++] inhibits Ca++ release from SR



Effect of Metabolic Factors in Fatigue - ANSATP necessary for Na+K+ pump and relaxation

ATP resynthesis dependent upon - PCr, glycogenolysis, glycolysis, aerobic metabolism CHO/fat

, IL-6 and Central Fatigue - ANSLarge increase with strenuous exercise and impairs athletic performance,
decreases endurance running

Transcription enhanced with glycogen depletion



Ammonia as a factor of Central Fatigue - ANSAssociated with toxicity when high - altered neuronal
excitability, extreme convulsions

Can deplete GABA and glutamate

Also stimulate PFK



Physiological differences between sexes: Men have higher... - ANSVO2max

Blood volume

Hct

Heart size

Better Hb and oxygen carrying capacity

Absolute strength

Greater muscle mass



VO2max differences between male and female. What does this mean for intensity and performance?
What happens to this difference once made relative to /kg fat free mass - ANSVO2max higher in males
than females

Given absolute intensity is higher %VO2max

Once made relative to /kg FFM, differences nearly disappear



Who has more % body mass (males vs females) and (normal/elite) - ANSMales < Females % body mass

Normal > elite



Hip width performance differences between males and females - ANSWider = less effective

Made relative, differences almost disappear

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