Brain & Behavior, An Introduction to Biological Psychology, 5e Bob Garret
(Instructor's Manual All Chapters, 100% Original Verified, A+ Grade) All
Chapters Solutions Manual Supplement files download link at the end of
this file.
Instructor’s Manual
Chapter 1: What Is Behavioral Neuroscience?
Chapter Summary
This chapter introduces the student to the subject area of behavioral neuroscience. The historical
foundations are described by discussing the major philosophical question of the relationship
between the mind and the brain, that is, is the mind independent of the brain and physical world,
or is it simply the result of changes occurring in the brain of the individual? Additional historical
coverage includes how our understanding of the brain has been increased through the discovery
of electrical and chemical properties of the nervous system and that important functions appear
to be distributed, as well as localized to specific brain areas. The chapter then discusses the
debate of the relative roles of genetics and environment in controlling behavior, with an
Application box about the promise of DNA-driven computers with the storage capabilities and
speed of the molecule. One interesting point is made that traits on the X-chromosome
disproportionately affect males. While scientists sequenced the entire human genetic code
through the Human Genome Project in 2006, we still do not understand what many of our genes
do, the range of genetic variation that occurs naturally in humans, and the complex roles the
environment plays in modulating and controlling our genes. However, it has been determined
that while only 3% of our DNA encode proteins, a whopping 80% (once labeled junk-DNA)
regulates gene expression. The chapter concludes with a discussion on how we can quantify the
relative importance of genetics versus environment on the expression of behavior.
Note: If any of the links contained within are not working, please contact the publisher and
an alternate resource will be found for you. In addition, an updated chapter to this
instructor’s manual will be uploaded to the faculty website.
1
, Instructor Resource
Garrett, Brain & Behavior 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Topical Outline and Key Terms
I. Origins of behavioral neuroscience – Behavioral neuroscience studies the relationships
between the body (particularly the brain) and behavior (overt and internal events such as
learning, thinking, and emotion).
a. Mind–brain problem – What is the relationship between mental states and the
brain and the physical world?
i. Monism – The mind and the body are the same substance.
1. Materialistic monism – Only the physical exists, and the mind is a
by-product created by the nervous system.
2. Idealistic monism – Only the mind exists, and the physical world
is a construct of the mind.
ii. Dualism – The mind and the physical world/brain are separate entities.
b. Descartes – The physical model of behavior.
i. Model – A systematic explanation of how something works.
ii. Descartes – A 17th-century philosopher and physiologist who
believed that movements and behavior were controlled by animal
spirits or fluids that flowed through the nerves; his significance lies in
his physical explanation of behavior, believing that, due to its location
in the brain, the pineal gland serves as the seat of the soul.
iii. Empiricism – Knowledge gained through careful and objective
observation.
c. Helmholtz and the electric brain – Early researchers established the electrical
basis of neural activity.
i. Galvani – Electrically stimulating frogs' muscles caused them to
contract.
ii. Fritsch and Hitzig – Electrically stimulating dogs’ brains produced
movement.
2
, Instructor Resource
Garrett, Brain & Behavior 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
iii. Helmholtz – Measured the actual speed of neural conduction, finding
it slower than electrical conduction along wires.
d. Localization – Brain areas involved in specific physical and mental activities.
i. Phrenology – The correlation of faculties to specific areas of the
brain.
ii. Equipotentiality – The brain operates as a whole rather than parts.
iii. Phineas Gage – Case study that revealed specific functioning of the
frontal lobe.
iv. Broca – Localized language production to a specific brain area.
1. Since Broca, many functional areas of the brain have been
associated with speech, movement, sensation, hearing, and vision.
2. Current findings show that brain functioning is both distributed
and localized.
II. Nature and nurture – Determining how much variability of a trait is attributed to our
genes versus the environment.
a. Nature (the Genetic Code) – Genes direct protein production, which influences
both structure and behavior.
i. The gene is the smallest unit of heritability on a chromosome, which
is a long, helical double-stranded molecule called deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA). Individuals can have different forms of a gene, called
alleles.
1. If the allele is the same for a gene across the pair, it is called
homozygous; if different alleles, this is heterozygous.
2. What someone looks like is the phenotype, what the alleles are is
the genotype.
3
, Instructor Resource
Garrett, Brain & Behavior 5e
SAGE Publishing, 2018
3. Alleles can be phenotypically dominant (trait is evident in the
phenotype) or recessive (trait only evident when it is by itself or
paired with another recessive).
ii. Humans have 22 pairs of chromosomes, and a pair of sex
chromosomes (X and Y). Sex cells contain only 1 of each pair, but
fuse during fertilization to form a zygote.
1. Traits on chromosomes 1–22 affect men and women equally often.
Traits on the sex chromosome, called X-linked, are expressed
much more often in men than women (such as color vision
deficiency).
iii. Some characteristics are controlled by more than one gene (polygenic
effects).
iv. The Human Genome Project has mapped the genes comprising the
genetic code of humans.
b. Nurture (the environment) – Environmental influences on behavior through
parenting, nutrition, learning, etc.
i. Natural selection, an idea conceived by Darwin, suggests that the
environment selects the most advantageous traits to survive, while less
advantageous traits do not.
ii. Heritability score indicates how much of a behavior or trait is due to
genes (such as height at approximately 90%, intelligence at 50%, or
speaking English at 0%).
iii. Vulnerability indicates that genes contribute a predisposition; the
strength or number of genes sets the threshold that an environmental
influence must exceed in order for the characteristic to be expressed.
4
