,1. Which of the following cytokines is primarily responsible for
the promotion of inflammation?
a) Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
b) Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
c) Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)
d) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)
Correct Answer: d) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)
Rationale: TNF-α is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays a
critical role in the inflammatory response.
, 3. What does the term 'antigenic variability' refer to in the context
of pathogens?
a) The ability of a pathogen to evade the immune system by
changing its antigens
b) The variation in immune response among different individuals
c) The process of mutation in the host's immune system
d) The increase in pathogen load during an infection
Correct Answer: a) The ability of a pathogen to evade the
immune system by changing its antigens
Rationale: Antigenic variability allows pathogens to escape
detection and elimination by the immune system.
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