,1. Multiple Choice: Which of the following microorganisms is
known to cause healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)?
a) Escherichia coli
b) Staphylococcus aureus
c) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
d) All of the above
Correct Answer: d) All of the above
Rationale: All listed microorganisms are common causes of
HAIs, which are infections that patients acquire while receiving
treatment for other conditions within a healthcare setting.
2. Fill-in-the-Blank: The process by which bacteria form a biofilm,
a structured community of cells enclosed in a self-produced
polymeric matrix, is known as ___________.
Correct Answer: Biofilm formation
Rationale: Biofilm formation is a critical step in the pathogenesis
of many bacteria and is associated with increased resistance to
antibiotics and disinfectants.
3. True/False: Endospores are a reproductive structure formed by
bacteria.
, Correct Answer: False
Rationale: Endospores are not reproductive structures; they are
survival structures that allow a bacterium to endure environmental
stresses.
4. Multiple Response: Select all the factors that influence the
effectiveness of antimicrobial agents:
a) Concentration of the agent
b) Duration of exposure
c) Temperature
d) Presence of organic matter
e) Microorganism's growth phase
Correct Answers: a), b), c), d), e)
Rationale: All these factors can influence the activity of
antimicrobial agents, affecting their ability to control or kill
microorganisms.
5. Multiple Choice: Which type of immunity is characterized by
the production of antibodies by B cells?
a) Cell-mediated immunity
b) Humoral immunity
c) Innate immunity
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