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Galen NUR 210 Exam 1 Modules 1-3 Exam Questions & Answers latest Updated.
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Galen NUR 210 Exam 1 Modules 1-3 Exam Questions & Answers latest Updated.
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Galen NUR 210 Exam 1 Modules 1-3 ExamQuestions & Answers latest Updated
Pharmacokinetics - ANS-The process in which medications move through the body b b b b b b b b b b
What are the 4 phases of pharmacokinetics? - ANS-absorption, distribution,
b b b b b b b b b
metabolism, excretion
b b
Absorption - ANS-happens with drug movement from the GI tract into the bloodstream.
b b b b b b b b b b b b
Most meds are taken by mouth.
b b b b b b
Oral absorption - ANS-Takes awhile to get absorbed because it has to go through the
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
GI system
b b
Usually takes 2-4 hours b b b b
•Enteric coated b
baspirin - hard on stomach b b b b
bcan not crush pill
b b b
•Extended release b
babsorbed in the small intestine b b b b
IM absorption - ANS-Absorbed 1-2 hours
b b b b b
IV absorption - ANS-Absorbed 30-60 minutes
b b b b b
dissolution - ANS-Dissolution happens when a po medication breaks down into
b b b b b b b b b b
particles, disintegrates, and dissolves to combine with liquid so absorption from the GI
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
tract into the bloodstream occurs.
b b b b b b
Liquid medications are absorbed faster than solids. Food can interfere with the
b b b b b b b b b b b
absorption of drugs.
b b b
Drugs that resist dissolution - ANS-Parenteral medications (SL, eyedrops, inhalants,
b b b b b b b b b
transdermal) do not pass through the GI tract.
b b b b b b b b b
Enteric coated medications are designed to resist disintegration until the pill reaches the
b b b b b b b b b b b b
small intestine. EC and sustained release meds should not be crushed.
b b b b b b b b b b b
Factors that affect absorption - ANS-•Lack of muscle and increased fat changes
b b b b b b b b b b b
bmedicine absorption b
•Food consumption - will change medicine potency (delayed)
b b b b b b b
•Stress - Exercise, medicine goes to muscle
b b b b b b
•pH - Medicine is made for acidic environments
b b b b b b b
,•Antacid changes absorption b b
•Taken alone so it doesn't change the action
b b b b b b b
Excipients - ANS-Fillers and other substances that make up tablets as a pill is not 100%
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
drug.
b b
Sometimes an excipient enhances the absorption of a drug such as with PCN, which is
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not well absorbed from the GI tract.
b b b b b b b b
Adding Na to PCN, which makes it penicillin sodium, will increase the absorption of
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
PCN
b
first pass effect - ANS-•the oral drugs go to liver via portal vein where some of the drug
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
bbecomes inactive b
•Only happens with oral medications
b b b b
delayed gastric emptying - ANS-Food doesn't move like it should
b b b b b b b b b
Distribution - ANS-refers to the movement of the drug from the circulation to body
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
tissues
b
Factors affecting distribution - ANS--blood flow to tissues
b b b b b b b
-protein binding b
-blood brain barrier b b
-drug's affinity to the tissue
b b b b
protein binding - ANS-Drugs bind with proteins in blood
b b b b b b b b b
Some drugs are highly protein bound and other are weakly protein bound
b b b b b b b b b b b
free drugs - ANS-drugs not bound to protein
b b b b b b b
Drug Toxicity - ANS--Two highly protein bound drugs compete and one might
b b b b b b b b b b b
baccumulate and cause a toxicity b b b b
-it is important to know if you are administering highly protein bound medications and
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
bmonitor albumin levels in patients with liver or kidney disease.
b b b b b b b b b b
-Some drugs that are highly protein bound include: Warfarin
b b b b b b b b b
Furosemide b
Diazepam
Drug distribution and albumin - ANS--A decrease in albumin levels decrease the
b b b b b b b b b b b
bprotein-binding sites, which means more of the free drug is circulated. b b b b b b b b b b b
-This can be fatal with some meds.
b b b b b b b
-Free drugs are those not bound to protein, which means they are active in the body
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
band cause a pharmacologic response.
b b b b b
-Older adults, malnourished individuals, and those with liver or kidney disease have low
b b b b b b b b b b b b
balbumin levels. b
Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) - ANS--The BBB protects the brain from most drugs.
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
, -Some meds are able to cross the BBB such as benzodiazepines.
b b b b b b b b b b b
-Drugs can cross the placenta and cause spontaneous abortion or alter fetal growth and
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
bdevelopment.
Metabolism - ANS-•Chemically changes drug to a form that can be excreted
b b b b b b b b b b b
•Liver primary site
b b
half-life - ANS-•the time it takes for the drug in the body to be reduced by half
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
Loading dose - ANS-use of a higher dose than what is usually used for treatment to
b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b
ballow the drug to reach the critical concentration (therapeutic level) sooner
b b b b b b b b b b
•Blood thinner b
•Antibiotic
Exceretion - ANS-the removal of waste products from medications which is done mainly
b b b b b b b b b b b b
through the kidneys
b b b
Other routes for include lungs, sweat, saliva, and bile
b b b b b b b b
Factors effecting excretion - ANS-Disorders in which the blood flow to the kidneys is
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
reduced will influence drug excretion.
b b b b b b
Dehydration, CKD, and glomerulonephritis are examples. b b b b b
Drug Elimination and Patients with Kidney Disease - ANS-Lab tests to determine kidney
b b b b b b b b b b b b
and renal function include: Creatinine (0.5-1.1 female, 0.6-1.2 male) BUN (10-20)
b b b b b b b b b b b
eGFR (60-90+)
b b
You should be aware of patients kidney function status as this will determine drug
b b b b b b b b b b b b b
dosage.)
b
Drug Elimination and patients with liver disease - ANS-Lab tests to determine liver
b b b b b b b b b b b b
function include: ALT (4-36) and AST (0-35)
b b b b b b b
Onset - ANS-time it takes for drug to start working
b b b b b b b b b
Peak - ANS-highest concentration in blood
b b b b b
duration - ANS-length of therapeutic effect
b b b b b
Peak and Trough - ANS-•highest (30 minutes after giving) and lowest (right before
b b b b b b b b b b b b
giving second dose) amount of drug in blood
b b b b b b b b
Agonist - ANS-desired response
b b b
Antagonist - ANS-undesired response b b b
side effects - ANS-Expected
b b b b
Secondary effects b
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