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OB EXAM #2 (CHAPTERS 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20)
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OB EXAM #2 (CHAPTERS 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20) Complications of Excessive Weight Gain During Pregnancy Excessive weight gain may lead to several complications, including: - Macrosomia: A larger than average baby, often associated with gestational diabetes. - Cesarean Birth: Increased likelihood o...

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  • August 20, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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OB EXAM #2 (CHAPTERS 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20)


Complications of Excessive Weight Gain During Pregnancy

Excessive weight gain may lead to several complications, including:

- Macrosomia: A larger than average baby, often associated with gestational diabetes.

- Cesarean Birth: Increased likelihood of needing a C-section.

- Low Apgar Scores: Indicator of newborn's health (a score of 7-10 is considered good).

- Hypoglycemia: Low blood sugar in the newborn.

- Overweight in Children: Increased risk of childhood obesity.




Important Tests During Doctor Visits for Pregnant Patients

During a doctor's visit, the following should be checked:

- Vital Signs: Especially blood pressure.

- Weight: Monitoring for appropriate gain.

- Urine Tests: To detect any possible issues such as proteinuria.




Recommended Weight Gain During Pregnancy

- First Trimester:

- Recommended weight gain is 1 to 2 kg (2.2 to 4.4 lb.) due to limited fetal growth.



- Second/Third Trimester:

- Recommended weight gain is about 0.4 kg (1 lb.) per week.

,Body Mass Index (BMI) Calculation

- Formula: BMI = Weight (kg) / Height (m²)

- Example Calculation:

- Weight = 51 kg, Height = 1.57 m,

- BMI = 51 / (1.57 × 1.57) = 20.7.




Factors Increasing Risk for Inadequate Weight Gain

Women at risk for inadequate weight gain include those who are:

- Young

- Unmarried

- Of low income

- Poorly educated

- In poor general health

- Smoking or abusing substances

- Lacking prenatal care




Low Birth Weight (LBW) Infants

- Defined as infants weighing less than 2500 grams at birth.




Energy Needs Assessment

Energy needs during pregnancy are influenced by:

- BMI and current weight

,- Pattern of weight gain throughout pregnancy

- Hazards of inadequate weight gain

- Risks associated with excessive weight gain, particularly in conditions like preeclampsia




Key Nutritional Periods and Requirements

- Embryonic and Fetal Development: Occurs primarily during the first trimester.



- Folic Acid: Critical in the periconceptional period to prevent neural tube defects (e.g., spina bifida) due
to inadequate intake.



- Fluid Intake: Pregnant women should aim for 8-10 cups (about 1.9-2.4 liters) of fluid daily.



- Caffeine Intake: Should be limited to no more than 200 mg (about 2-3 cups of coffee) per day to reduce
risks of miscarriage and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR).




Nutritional Roles

- Carbohydrates: Main source of energy and fiber.

- Protein: Provides necessary amino acids for fetal and maternal tissue growth.

- Fat: Supports fetal fat deposits.




Iron Needs During Pregnancy

- Importance: Prevents maternal anemia.

- Food Sources: Red meat, poultry, seafood, beans, dark leafy greens, and dried fruits.

, - Absorption:

- Improved by: Vitamin C (e.g., orange juice).

- Interfered by: Milk products.

- Best absorbed on an empty stomach, ideally between meals with vitamin C-rich foods.



- Adverse Effects of Iron Supplements:

- Stomach discomfort.

- Constipation (stool softeners may help).

- Black, tarry stools.




Vitamins during Pregnancy

- Fat-Soluble Vitamins: A, D, E, K (stored in body tissues).

- Water-Soluble Vitamins:

- Folic Acid: Important for increased red blood cell production.

- Vitamin C: Supports tissue formation and iron absorption.




Multivitamin/Mineral Supplements

Some women may need to take multivitamin-multimineral supplements alongside a well-balanced diet.




PICA

- Definition: Eating non-food items (e.g., clay, dirt, laundry starch) or excessive amounts of low-nutrition
foods.

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