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Patho Final: Ch. 8-14 | 141 Pages | 960 Questions | With Complete Solutions
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Patho Final: Ch. 8-14 | 141 Pages | 960 Questions | With Complete Solutions
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Patho Final: Ch. 8-14 | 141 Pages | 960Questions | With Complete Solutions
3 Ps of diabetes Correct Answers polyuria, polydipsia,
polyphagia
A1C target levels Correct Answers Normal: less than or equal
to 5.6
Prediabetes: 5.7-6.4
Diabetes: 6.5+
Acute bacterial invasions are more likely to occur immediately
following Correct Answers menstruation
Addisons disease diagnosis Correct Answers history, physical
examination, serum hormone levels (e.g., cortisol, ACTH, and
androgens), serum glucose levels, complete blood count, blood
chemistry, adrenal and pituitary computed tomography and
magnetic resonance imaging, and biopsy
Addisons disease manifestations Correct Answers hypotension,
changes in heart rate, hypoglycemia, chronic diarrhea,
hyperpigmentation, pallor, extreme weakness, fatigue, anorexia,
mouth lesions on the inside of a cheek, nausea, vomiting, salt
craving, slow and sluggish movement, unintentional weight loss,
mood changes, depression, and hyperkalemia, and
hyperpigmentation (bronzing of the skin)
,Addisons disease or adrenal insufficiency Correct Answers
Deficiency of adrenal cortex hormones (aldosterone, cortisol,
androgens)
Addisons disease STEROID Correct Answers Sodium & Sugar
levels- low; Salt cravings
Tired and weak
Electrolyte imbalances (K+ and Ca)
Reproductive changes
Oh so low BP
Increased pigmentation
Diarrhea and nausea, Depression
Addisons disease treatment Correct Answers lifelong hormone
replacement therapy, wear a medical alert bracelet, and carry
extra medication at all times
Plenty of salt in diet especially with exercise and excessive
sweating
Adrenal cortex Correct Answers Stimulated by
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Glucocorticoid hormones
Adrenal estrogens and androgens Correct Answers Estrogen
secretion by the adrenal cortex is minimal
The adrenal cortex secretes weak androgens
Androgens are converted by peripheral tissues to stronger
androgens such as testosterone
Adrenal gland endocrine conditions Correct Answers
Pheochromocytoma, Cushing's syndrome, Addison's Disease
,Adrenal glands Correct Answers Located close to the upper
pole of each kidney
Adrenal cortex (outer layer) 80% of an adrenal gland's total
weight
Adrenal medulla (inner layer)
Adrenal glands are not regulated by the Correct Answers
Pituitary
Adrenal glands innervated by Correct Answers The
sympathetic nervous systems
Adrenal glands medulla Correct Answers Inner portion that
produces epinephrine and norepinephrine
Adrenal glands secrete Correct Answers Glucocorticoids,
mineralcorticoids, adrenal sex hormones (estrogens and
androgens)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Correct Answers
Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
Albinism Correct Answers - Recessive condition that results in
little or no melanin production
Melanin
- Pigment that provides color and protection while playing a role
in the development of certain optic nerves
, - Melanin deficits cause a lack of pigment in the skin, hair, and
iris
- All forms cause problems with eye development and function
Aldosterone Correct Answers Regulated by the renin-
angiotensin system
Allergic Contact Dermatitis Correct Answers Causes: metals,
chemicals, cosmetics, and plants
- Sensitization occurs on the first exposure, and subsequent
exposures produce a type IV cell-mediated hypersensitivity
- Manifestations appearing 24-48 hours after exposure
Manifestations: pruritus, erythema, edema, and small vesicles
Amblyopia Correct Answers - Lazy eye
- Most common cause of vision problems in children
- Occurs when the brain and the eyes do not work together
properly
- The preferred eye has normal vision because the brain ignores
the other eye , resulting in vision developing abnormally
- Strabismus is the most frequent cause
- Other causes: family history , bilateral astigmatism , congenital
cataracts , near/farsightedness
Amylin Correct Answers Peptide hormone co-secreted with
insulin
Delays nutrient uptake
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