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APEA mood disorders-Questions with Correct Answers/ Verified
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Neurotransmitters (NTs)= MAO system Norepinephrine Serotonin and GABA (aahhh) Dopamine Others - what controls mood? Neurotransmitters: • Serotonin (5-HT), GABA, norepinephrine, dopamine NTs: help communication between neurons in the synaptic cleft Transporters: help neurotransmitters move ...

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  • August 21, 2024
  • 9
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers

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APEA mood disorders-Questions with Correct Answers/ Verified
Neurotransmitters (NTs)= MAO system

Norepinephrine

Serotonin and GABA (aahhh)

Dopamine

Others - ✔✔what controls mood?



Neurotransmitters: • Serotonin (5-HT), GABA, norepinephrine, dopamine

NTs: help communication between neurons in the synaptic cleft

Transporters: help neurotransmitters move about

SSRIs: inhibit transporters, making more NTs available in the synaptic cleft - ✔✔what is the function
of the neurotransmitter?



Norepinephrine, dopamine

Enhances: ▪ Concentration ▪ Ambition ▪ Productivity - ✔✔Norepinephrine helps with what?



Neurotransmitters • Serotonin (5-HT), GABA

Well-being

Calmness

↓ Impulsivity

↓ Aggression

Sleep

↓ Sex drive

↑ Appetite - ✔✔Neurotransmitters • Serotonin (5-HT), GABA ?



• PHQ-2: 2 questions; easy, quick, verbal administration (83% sensitivity, 90% specificity)



• PHQ-9: 9 questions; used to screen and monitor response to treatment (88% sensitivity, 88%
specificity) Validated in older adults, cognitively impaired adults, nursing home residents Mandated
in Medicare-certified nursing homes

, • DSM-5 cross-cutting tools for depression (PROMIS) (for children, adults) • Geriatric Depression
Scale (GDS): 15 questions, yes/no (81% sensitivity, 78% specificity) - ✔✔depression screening tools?



• Stress reduces neurotransmitters!!! • Exercise enhances neurogenesis - ✔✔what happens in
depression?



Depression Workup: Labs Generally Low Yield

• Indications for labs: First episode of depression Precipitant unclear Severe depression Older age -
✔✔If positive depression screen, what next?



• CBC, chemistry panel (esp. older adults)

• TSH • Glucose (FBS)

• B12, folate (esp. older adults)

• Pregnancy test (few meds are safe)

• Urine drug screens (if suspect)

• Other labs as guided by history, ROS, exam, etc. - ✔✔Labs to Consider in depression?



• S = sleep issues (too much or too little)

• I = interests

• G = guilt (or worthlessness)

• E = energy

• C = concentration difficulties

• A = appetite

• P = psychomotor agitation or irritation

• S = suicidality - ✔✔Depression: Associated Symptoms — "SIG E Caps"?



• ≥5 symptoms present

Most of the day

Nearly every day • ≥2 weeks • One symptom is depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure
(anhedonia) - ✔✔Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)?



• ≥2-4+ symptoms present:

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