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Summary urban issues and challenges section of geography paper 2 aqa
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mindmap covering all of urban issues and challenges, with the case studies included
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Important (globally)Along with New York, London is
one of the most important financial
centres in the world.
London is home to 15 head offices
of the 250 largest companies in the
world. (Uber, Microsoft, BP,
Astrazeneca).
The UK is home to 166 universities,
including some of the world’s top
universities, Oxford, Cambridge,
UCL.
London is a national and Importance
international centre for media,
education, legal facilities, medical
facilities, cultural entertainment
and tourism.
Importance (within the UK):
- UK’s capital, the largest and
wealthiest city in the UK
- Londoners earn 23% more than
the UK average
- London generates 22% of the
UK’s GDP
- London is a transport hub
social and economic: cultural mix,
recreation and entertainment,
employment, integrated transport How urban change has created
systems opportunities:
environmental: urban greening
Social and economic: urban
deprivation, inequalities in
housing, education, health and
employment
environmental: dereliction, building How urban change has created
on brownfield and greenfield sites, challenges:
waste disposal
the impact of urban sprawl on the
rural–urban fringe, and the growth
of commuter settlements.
reasons why the area needed
regeneration
the main features of the project.
An example of an urban
regeneration project to show:
Advantages of the Stratford
Regeneration project
Disadvantages
Urban sustainability is a significant
issue both in the UK and globally.
Sustainable living : describes a
lifestyle that attempts to reduce
the use of earth’s natural resources
by an individual or society -> this
means not damaging the
environment for future generations
(e.g. reducing the use of fossil
fuels).
info
Sustainable cities : a city designed
with consideration for social,
economic, environmental impact,
and resilient habitat for existing
populations, without compromising
the ability of future generations to
experience the same.
Sustainable urban living includes :
economy, environment and people
Collect rainwater for the use in
gardens or flushing toilets
Installing toilets that use less water
to flush (dual flushing)
Water Conservation Schemes
reduce the amount of water used.
Installing water metres so that This can be encouraged through:
people have to pay for the water
they use
To be sustainable cities should only
Encouraging people to use less take from the environment as much water conservation
water water as they can replace
A growth in more wasteful water
use e.g. fueling cars + filling hot
tubs
Challenges of WC:
Water companies are not
managing the pipes and therefore
approx 130 litres of water per
household is wasted each day
Landfill is unsustainable as Increased recycling means that
eventually there will be nowhere fewer resources are used (e.g.
left to store the waste. metal cans can be melted down
and used to make more cans). This
means that less waste is produced,
Decomposing landfill also releases which reduces the amount that
greenhouse gases goes to landfill.
Collection of household recycling
bins -> leads to less landfill
Creating recycling facilities for Definition: Waste minimisation is a
larger items e.g. fridges Waste conservation Schemes: set of processes and practices
waste conservation
intended to reduce the amount of
Websites e.g. Freecycle where waste produced
items are offered for free so they
can be used by others
Less than half (43%) of UK waste is
recycled as people ignore rules
and forget 2 collections General
Challenges of waste conservation:
Incineration rates have increased to
prevent landfills being used, this
(incinerations) produces significant
amounts of air pollution
Promoting renewable energy
sources (wind, solar, tidal etc.) over
traditional coal or gas fired power
station.
ways a city can become more
sustainable
Government incentives to make
homes more energy efficient e.g.
allowing homeowners who
generate electricity from renewable
sources (solar panels) to sell excess Energy conservation schemes
to the national grid. reduce the use of fossil fuels:
Making sure new homes that are
built meet the minimum energy
efficiency requirements
Energy conservation – Burning
fossil fuels to generate power isn't
Encouraging people to use less sustainable because they’ll run out.
energy conservation
energy at home e.g. by turning off Burning them also increases the
lights when they’re not needed rate of climate change because it
produces greenhouse gases.
Renewable energies can be
expensive, this is increasing
electricity costs on the consumer,
and slowing down how quickly we
change.
Wind and solar farms can be
Challenges
inefficient, with one report showing
that solar panels produce nothing
for 30 weeks of the year.
Wind turbines are an eye sore and
noisy, this is preventing many
being built.
Encourages exercise e.g. running
or group sports.
Encourage alternative transport
e.g. bikes. Therefore making
people healthier + less stressed
Urbanisations - the growth of the
Benefits include: proportion of a country's
Creates habitats within the urban
environment population living in urban areas.
Urban areas can be unsustainable
due to them being unpleasant and
Improves air quality stressful environments e.g. noise, conserving natural HICSs have very slow rates of
business and dirt. Creating green environments/creating green urbanisation currently. This is
spaces/preserving natural spaces because in richer parts of the
Provides a break and a space away world, urbanisation happened in
environments encourages people
from the noise the past and most of the
to remain in urban areas.
population now already live in
urban areas.
With growing housing prices it is
difficult to set additional land aside
General LICs are less economically
developed, e.g. Ethiopica. Not
The London garden bridge was Challenges of CNE/CGS: many of the population in these
scrapped in 2017 due to cost, this
countries live in urban areas,
suggests that the environment is
however people are starting to
lower on the governments
move away from jobs in farming
concerns
(rural areas) to urban areas.
Therefore experiencing rapid
More people are now commuting urban growth.
to work usually by car, also more
businesses are using lorries or
NEEs are those where economic
vans for deliveries. This means
development is increasing rapidly,
there is more traffic congestion.
e.g. Nigeria, they are experiencing
The problems this causes social,
rapid urban growth.
environment and economic
Traffic Congestion is a big problem
problems like: discourages
for Urban areas.
people from visiting and shopping
in the city. Traffic causes more Located in the South-East of
traffic Jams, air pollution, England
congestions cause stress, more
accidents, slow emergency Located on the river thames
services, contribute to climate
change
Location most densely populated area in the
UK
This is a strategy to reduce the
numbers of cars on the road.
London has done this by capital city of england
Docklands
Railway, Underground (takes million 8.92 people in London
off the road a year), Self service
bieycles are available to hire,
Using Public Transport Reduces Section A : Urban Issues
Electronic Oyster Cards, and use of How urban transport strategies are
Traffic Congestion: London is England's capital city
contactless allow used to reduce traffic congestion? and Challenges - HIC
people to move between all these
links without buying a ticket. Many
London London's population makes up
other cities have a park and ride 12.5% of the UK's whole
scheme. The congestion charge population. But just 0.6 of the land
has improved
journey times by 30%.
Background London is one of the most visited
cities in the world, 800,000 people
Traffic congestion can also be commute into London everyday
reduced by managing the flow of
traffic through the city. For
example: Ring roads and England has a population of 60
pedestrianised shopping streets million, London makes up 9 million
keep traffic away from the city of the population
centre making it safer and less
polluted and reduces congestion.
Traffic Flow can also be managed: Built by the Romans 2000 years
Bus Priority Lanes -
promote public transport and also ago.
stop buses being held up in traffic.
Congestion Charging (London) In the 18th century new docklands
discourage drivers from entering
were built and London grew even
the city centre at
more as a centre of trade and
peak tires. Car sharine, Promoting
commerce.
flexible working hours,
This attracted more people and
These can have a negative impact
Congestion Charges subsequently there was more
on businesses as less shoppers.
population growth.
Growth
Many people aim to avoid public
End of the 20th century ; London's
transport as it can be unreliable
role as a port declined, but still
and does not take you
Public Transport remains a transport hub, e.g. road
to the exact location - bus use hit
Sustainable Urban Living and rail networks focused around
its lowest levels in
London.
2016.
Additional Challenges in the Urban
Environment
Additionally, 2 of the UK’s busiest
The M25 is the largest ring road in
airports (Heathrow and Gatwick)
the UK
are located near london, this has
and goes around London, it
maintained its importance as a
actually attracted more tourist destination.
people to drive as they thought Ring roads
they would avoid
congestion, it is now one of the
Impacts of national and
most congested roads in
the country. international migration on the
growth and character of the city:
one of the most connected parts of
london, tube stations + airport
community
new health and school facilities
aiming to be hub of big
community, facilities for public
within the schools
general info
10 hectors of open space within
the village
project made around the
environment
East Village is one of the most
sustainable communities in the UK,
it is part of the london 2012
Olympic legacy and was converted
from the athletes village into new
homes after the Olympic games
East village has an integrated
transport solution
Local trains and bus services
connect to the London
1. transport
Underground
Stratfords international station,
provides access to London and
Europe
25 acres of parkland created in
East village
2. Green Open Spaces
Containing 100s of newly planted (environmental)
trees and habitats for wildlife (good
for biodiversity)
Modern, high density apartments:
Constructed to a high standard of
energy efficiency, and high
insulation efficiency —>leading to
apartments losing less heat
3. Sustainable nature of housing why is it sustainable?
Green roofs: a living, green roof - a (environmental)
roof of a building which is
partially/completely covered in
vegetation, they also create a
waterproof membrane (surface run-off
therefore is slower) , provide
habitats for wildlife
Half of the homes in the East
Village are affordable housing 4. Affordable housing (economic)
(lower rents)
There are 35 independent shops,
bars and cafes serving the local
community, keeps money in the
local area, and people are less
likely to travel to shop 5. Shops and services
Less travel = less congestion +
pollution
Large health centre created
6. Public services (essential to
community)
School for 2000 3-18s created
More than 10,000 new homes will
social
have been built by 2030
New jobs in tourism and
construction have created the
multiplier effect
By 2030 over 20,000 jobs are
predicted to be created, bringing
£5 billion pounds into the are economic
EXAMPLE of Sustainable Urban
The westfield shopping centre in Living in Stratford Olympic park :
Stratford, has created 10,000 East Village
permanent new jobs including
2,000 from previously unemployed
local people.
Public transport, + walking and
cycling routes
benefits of living in the east village
Water + energy efficient designed
houses
Protection of green spaces +
natural habitats
300,000 new plants have been
planted in the Wetland area of the environmental
park
London Olympic Athletes Village
(now east village) , is the largest
sustainable home project in the Uk
Before construction, the Olympic
Delivery Authority (ODA, 2015)
excavated and cleaned more than
2.3 million cubic metres of
contaminated soil.
a wetland area that recycles
rainwater, which is used for flushing
toilets and water plants;
a large green park containing a
children’s play area; Although East Village is a high-density
urban area, 37 per cent of WHAT GREEN SPACES HAVE
the land is green open space. 10 of BEEN CREATED IN EAST
green roofs;
the 27 hectares that make up East VILLAGE?
Village is green space, including:
each apartment block having a
shared, private green space; and
fruit trees in an orchard in the
children’s play area.
99% of parkland waste is recycled
instead of being sent to landfill.
Households are also encouraged to
recycle with fortnightly collections
of cardboard, paper, plastic
bottles, tins and cans.
WASTE RECYCLING
Recycling is taken to a sorting
facility at Jenkins Lane Reuse and
Recycling Centre, where materials
are separated. The sorted materials
are made into bales and sent off to
be recycled into new products.
Compared to other urban areas,
East Village uses much less water
and energy.
Water use in East Village is 50
percent less than typical in urban
areas. This has been achieved
through recycling water naturally
and using reed beds in wetland
areas. Rainwater is filtered naturally
before being recycled and used for
irrigating plants and flushing
toilets. Fresh drinking water is on a
separate system. HOW EFFICIENT IS EAST
VILLAGE?
East Village uses 30 per cent less
energy than an average urban area.
This is because of combined heat
and power (CHP). CHP involves
generating electricity and heat
from the same energy source, in
this case, burning biomass. Water
is heated to create steam that
drives a turbine to generate
electricity. The hot water produced
in this process is pumped around
the nearby apartments and is used
to heat them.
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