Care is designed for the specific client.
Care is based on the uniqueness of the person's culture and includes cultural norms
Cultural competence in nursing consists of and values.
four principles. Care includes self-employment strategies to facilitate client decision making to improve
health behaviors.
Care is provided with sensitivity and is based on the cultural uniqueness of clients.
What do you call your problem?
What do you think caused your problem?
Why do you think it started when it did?
The APN may also use the Kleinman
What does your sickness do to you?
Explanatory Model of Illness (1978). Below
What do you fear most about your sickness?
are the questions that can be utilized.
What are the chief problems your sickness has caused you?
What kind of treatment do you think you should receive?
What is the most important result you hope to receive from the treatment?
According to Giger and Davidhizer (2000), communication (verbal and nonverbal);
although cultures differ, they all have the personal space;
same basic organizing factors that must be social organization;
assessed in order to provide care for time perception;
culturally diverse patients. These factors environmental control; and
include biological variations.
Web-based technical assistance, (2) knowledge development and dissemination, (3)
The NCCC uses four major approaches to
supporting a community of learners, and (4) collaboration and partnerships with
fulfill its mission, including
diverse groups.
Epidemiological Triad: host, agent, environment
Genetics The study of individual genes and their impact on relatively rare single gene disorders
is the probability of an event, such as illness, injury, or death. Gives no indication of how
Absolute risk
its magnitude compares with others
The odds ratio closely approximates the relative risk if the disease is rare.
Odds ratio and the relative risk are used to assess the strength of association between risk factor and outcome.
How is Attributible risk used is used to make risk-based decisions for individuals.
Population-attributable risk measures are used to form public health decisions
EGAPP: Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention
Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention Network (established in 2009) is a
GAPPNet collaborative initiative involving partners from across the public health sector working
together to realize the promise of genomics in health care and disease prevention.
Genetics Early Disease Detection Intervention project (GEDDI) (established in 2009)
developed a model strategy for using clinical, genetic, and family history information to
GEDDI
reduce the risk of disease, death, and disability in affected individuals, family members,
and populations.
Human Genome Epidemiology Network (HuGENet) (established in 1998) helps
translate genetic research findings into opportunities for preventive medicines and
public health by advancing the synthesis, interpretation, and dissemination of
population-based data on human genetic variation in health and disease. HuGENet
HuGENet reviews are systematic, peer-reviewed synopses of the epidemiologic aspects of
human genes, including prevalence of allelic variants in different populations,
population-based information on disease risk, evidence for gene-environment
interaction and quantitative data on genetic tests and services carried out according to
specific guidelines.
, DC's Office of Public Health Genomics (established in 2002) formed a multidisciplinary
working group with members from across CDC. It developed a proposal to measure
NHANES III the prevalence of selected genetic variants of public health significance in a
representative sample of the U.S. population and to examine the association between
the selected genetic variants and disease outcomes available in NHANES III data.
as a global epidemic that spreads to more than one continent (WHO, 2009). One of the
The World Health Organization defines a
more recent pandemics that you might be familiar with is the H1N1 influenza outbreak of
pandemic
2009.
the occurrence of disease within persons in excess of what would normally be
Outbreak expected in a clearly defined community, location, or time of year. An outbreak may
only last for a matter of days or weeks, but may last for years
the separation and restriction of the movement of people who were or are exposed to
Quarantine
a contagious disease for a set period of time, to see whether they become ill
is a term describing the changes that occur within virus's ribonucleic acid that changes
Antigenic drift
the virus. Typically, these changes create seasonal changes or new strains of a virus
Phase 1—None of the current viruses circulating in animals have been reported to cause
infection in humans.
Phase 2—An animal-based influenza virus is known to have caused infection in humans
and is considered a potential pandemic threat.
Phase 3—An animal- or human-animal-based virus has caused some clusters of cases in
people, but has not caused human-to-human transmission that is significant enough to
cause community-level outbreaks.
WHO Pandemic Phases Phase 4—Human-to-human transmission of an animal or human-animal virus is causing
community outbreaks and sustained disease. This is a significant shift in risk and any
country with such an outbreak should consult with WHO.
Phase 5—There is human-to-human spread of the virus in at least two countries. This
phase means that pandemic is imminent and that community action and implementation
of planned mitigation procedures is needed.
Phase 6—This is the pandemic phase, characterized by outbreaks in more than one
WHO defined region in addition to all Phase 5 criteria (WHO, 2009)
None of the current viruses circulating in animals have been reported to cause
Phase 1
infection in humans.
An animal-based influenza virus is known to have caused infection in humans and is
Phase 2
considered a potential pandemic threat.
An animal- or human-animal-based virus has caused some clusters of cases in people,
Phase 3 but has not caused human-to-human transmission that is significant enough to cause
community-level outbreaks.
Human-to-human transmission of an animal or human-animal virus is causing community
Phase 4 outbreaks and sustained disease. This is a significant shift in risk and any country with
such an outbreak should consult with WHO.
There is human-to-human spread of the virus in at least two countries. This phase means
Phase 5 that pandemic is imminent and that community action and implementation of planned
mitigation procedures is needed.
This is the pandemic phase, characterized by outbreaks in more than one WHO defined
Phase 6
region in addition to all Phase 5 criteria (WHO, 2009).
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