GMS6121 Exam 4: fully solved & updated
Meningitis - ANSWER-infection of the meninges
Encephalitis - ANSWER-Infection of the brain parenchyma
Brain abscess - ANSWER-Sac of fluid infected with pathogen
Myelitis - ANSWER-Infection of the spinal cord
Routes of CNS infection - ANSWER--blood to BBB (most frequent for bacteria—
influenced by inflammation)
-direct (trauma, surgery)
-nervous system (viruses like rabies)
Defenses of CNS - ANSWER--low complement in CSF (no opsonization or lysis)
-microglia (phagocytes of theCNS)
CNS infection damage - ANSWER--inflammation
-PMNS
-vasogenic edema (fluid leakage into brain)
-impaired blood flow
-ischemia (lack of oxygen/blood to various body parts)
-cell death (permanent brain damage)
Acute CNS infections - ANSWER--rapid onset
-can be severe
-usually bacterial, some viruses
Subacute CNS infections - ANSWER--slower clinical presentation
, -slow growing/spreading organisms
Chronic CNS infections - ANSWER--slow onset
-slow organisms
-continuous infection
-usually fungal or M. tuberculosis
Epidemiology - ANSWER--community spread vs. nosocomial
-sporadic vs. epidemic
Symptoms of bacterial meningitis - ANSWER--high fever (>40C)
-headache
-stiff neck
-irritability (children)
-neurologic dysfunction (lethargy, confusion)
-uncharacteristic sleepiness, malaise
-vomiting
Differential diagnosis for bacterial meningitis - ANSWER-CSF Analysis
-Gram stain, presence of or elevated leukocytes, increased PMNs, decreased glucose,
elevated protein (CRP)
OR
Blood culture
Treatment of bacterial meningitis - ANSWER--prompt antibiotic therapy
-anti-inflammatory agents
-reducing intracranial pressure
Bacterial meningitis infectious agent depends on - ANSWER-Age
Bacterial meningitis in newborns/neonates - ANSWER--Group B streptococci
-E.coli K1
-Listeria monocytogenes
Bacterial meningitis in infants and children up to 24 months - ANSWER--Streptococcus
pneumoniae
-Neisseria meningitidis
Meningitis - ANSWER-infection of the meninges
Encephalitis - ANSWER-Infection of the brain parenchyma
Brain abscess - ANSWER-Sac of fluid infected with pathogen
Myelitis - ANSWER-Infection of the spinal cord
Routes of CNS infection - ANSWER--blood to BBB (most frequent for bacteria—
influenced by inflammation)
-direct (trauma, surgery)
-nervous system (viruses like rabies)
Defenses of CNS - ANSWER--low complement in CSF (no opsonization or lysis)
-microglia (phagocytes of theCNS)
CNS infection damage - ANSWER--inflammation
-PMNS
-vasogenic edema (fluid leakage into brain)
-impaired blood flow
-ischemia (lack of oxygen/blood to various body parts)
-cell death (permanent brain damage)
Acute CNS infections - ANSWER--rapid onset
-can be severe
-usually bacterial, some viruses
Subacute CNS infections - ANSWER--slower clinical presentation
, -slow growing/spreading organisms
Chronic CNS infections - ANSWER--slow onset
-slow organisms
-continuous infection
-usually fungal or M. tuberculosis
Epidemiology - ANSWER--community spread vs. nosocomial
-sporadic vs. epidemic
Symptoms of bacterial meningitis - ANSWER--high fever (>40C)
-headache
-stiff neck
-irritability (children)
-neurologic dysfunction (lethargy, confusion)
-uncharacteristic sleepiness, malaise
-vomiting
Differential diagnosis for bacterial meningitis - ANSWER-CSF Analysis
-Gram stain, presence of or elevated leukocytes, increased PMNs, decreased glucose,
elevated protein (CRP)
OR
Blood culture
Treatment of bacterial meningitis - ANSWER--prompt antibiotic therapy
-anti-inflammatory agents
-reducing intracranial pressure
Bacterial meningitis infectious agent depends on - ANSWER-Age
Bacterial meningitis in newborns/neonates - ANSWER--Group B streptococci
-E.coli K1
-Listeria monocytogenes
Bacterial meningitis in infants and children up to 24 months - ANSWER--Streptococcus
pneumoniae
-Neisseria meningitidis
