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Introduction to Optometry Exam | Questions And Answers Latest {} A+ Graded | 100% Verified
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Introduction to Optometry Exam | Questions And Answers Latest {} A+ Graded | 100% Verified
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Introduction to Optometry Exam | Questions And Answers Latest {2024- 2025} A+ Graded| 100% Verified
What was the first refractive condition for which lenses were used (for magnification)? - Presbyopia
When and where were spectacles most likely invented? - Italy in the 1270s
What was a "spectakle?" How was it used? - A "lens on a stick." Or a lens affixed to a holder. It
permitted small print to be read.
What 1400s event greatly popularized reading among the public and the use of spectacles for that
purpose? - Began to find widespread use after the invention of the removable type press by Gutenberg,
allowing mass printing of books.
How did tradesmen become responsible for widespread fabrication and sale of spectacles in Europe
(starting in the middle ages)? - A brewer's guild, Worshipful Company of Spectacle Makers, began
grinding and fabricating them, allowing them to be made more often.
During what centuries was the scientific basis for presbyopia, myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism
discovered? - Myopia and Presbyopia: 1623 (17th)
Hyperopia: 1700s (18th)
Astigmatism: 1827 (19th)
What was the significance of the invention of the ophthalmoscope? - Illumination, Magnification, and
Portability. For the first time, practitioners could see the ocular changes that correspond to eye disease
inside the eye.
Who invented bifocals? - Benjamin Franklin
What types of eyecare providers were practicing in the US in the 1890s? - Oculists, Ophthalmologists
(performed exams, but did not dispense eyewear), Dispensing Opticians (eyewear based on prescription
of eye physicians), and Refracting Opticians (exams and dispensed eyewear)
, Who was Charles Prentice? What role did he play in the "legalization" of optometry? - Charles Prentice
was a New York Refracting Optician who referred a patient to an ophthalmologist because of Ocular
Inflammation. Created the first optical society for the state of New York. Introduced an act to regulate
practice in New York. Attempted to pass a NY bill for Optometry, but failed. Took hold of government
recognition of Optometry
Why was legislation authorizing the practice of optometry needed in the 1890s? - Claims from
ophthamologists that Prentice was illegally prescribing glasses, as infringement on medicine, and
ophthalmologists were attempting to prevent refraction by opticians. Prentice wanted to regulate the
practice.
What were optometrists in America originally called? - Refracting Opticians
When and where was the first law authorizing the practice of "optometry?" About how many years did
it take for all jurisdictions to enact laws? - The first law was passed in 1901 in Minnesota. 1924 had all
jurisdictions, about 23 years.
What were the four basic provisions of the original optometry laws? - Definition of practice (no drugs or
surgery).
Regulation by an all-optician board.
"Grandfathering" of practicing opticians.
Exemption of physicians.
Who was Albert Fitch and what did he do to advance the "legalization" of optometry? - Spoke up and
claimed that optometry following under a "minor" medical branch was a ruse to license a few opticians.
Urged colleagues to adopt a resolution, and sought legal remedy against the rule, claiming it
unconstitutional. "Martin v. Baldi", argued it was separate from medicine, and won. In addition, he
advocated it's first optometry drug bill and 1st unrestricted optometry law.
Who was Fred Baker and why was he charged with practicing medicine illegally? What was the outcome
of his case? - Dallas optician who examined a patient, was tried, and arrested for illegally practicing
medicine and fined $50. Was found guilty for illegally practicing medicine. Patients could no longer be
examined by refracting opticians, and decision was quickly assailed by the public and media, and soon a
law was passed and exempted him from punishment.
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