MCB 100 FULL Exam 1 (UIUC) Review Questions and Correct Answers
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Course
MCB 100
Institution
MCB 100
Key distinction of microorganisms from other organisms microorganisms do not form differentiated tissues
1 mm = ? Microns 1000
1 m = ? Mm 1000
1 micron = ? Nm 1000
"little things" small to large atoms ==> small molecules (amino acids, nucleotides, sugars) ==> biological macromolecules (pr...
MCB 100 FULL Exam 1 (UIUC) Review
Questions and Correct Answers
Key distinction of microorganisms from other organisms ✅microorganisms do not form
differentiated tissues
1 mm = ? Microns ✅1000
1 m = ? Mm ✅1000
1 micron = ? Nm ✅1000
"little things" small to large ✅atoms ==> small molecules (amino acids, nucleotides,
sugars) ==> biological macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, lipids)
==> subcellular structures (viruses, ribosomes, microtubules) ==> Rickettsia,
Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, and Nanobacteria ==> most bacteria and archaea ==> yeasts
and flagellated protozoa ==> typical plant and animal cells, amoebae ==> ciliated
protozoa ==> zooplankton (small multicellular animals)
Subcellular aggregates of molecules ✅viruses, viroids, prions
Traits of all living cells ✅1. Able to grow and reproduce (can convert nonliving nutrients
into living cytoplasm)
2. Genetic material is DNA
3. Metabolism
4. Able to make or acquire ATP
5. Able to synthesize proteins
6. Bound by an active cell membrane
Function of ribosomes ✅read mrna and synthesize proteins
Traits of viruses ✅1. Not cellular organisms
2. Consist of some genetic material, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a coat of
protein (capsid)
3. Some animal viruses have a membrane-like envelope of lipids and proteins, but
many viruses lack this feature
4. Lack ribosomes and trnas -- cannot synthesize proteins on their own
5. Contain few or no enzymes -- lack metabolic pathways
6. Lack ATP -- no means of generating ATP
7. Obligate intracellular parasites -- must be inside host cell to have life-like functions
,Sizes of viruses and bacteria small - large ✅hemoglobin ==> Poliomyelitis ==>
Adenovirus ==> HIV ==> Poxvirus ==> Rickettsia ==> Streptococcus ==> E. Coli
Have cell wall ✅1. Most bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Plants
4. Fungi
5. Algae
Cell membrane ✅Lipid bilayer with embedded proteins that acts as the diffusion barrier
around the cell. Semipermeable.
Cell wall ✅Net-like bag of polysaccharides that surrounds the cell and causes it to
maintain a specific shape. Protects the cell from osmotic lysis but is not a barrier to the
diffusion of small molecules.
Structures not found in prokaryotes ✅nuclear membrane, endoplasmic reticulum,
mitochondria, chloroplasts, membrane-bound organelles, cytoskeleton,
phagolysosomes, snrnps
Chromosome number and shape - eukaryotes ✅plural
Linear
Chromosome number and shape - prokaryotes ✅single
Circular
Size - eukaryotes ✅mostly 4-20mm
,Size - prokaryotes ✅mostly 0.5-3mm
Fungi ✅Eukaryotic
Cell wall - chitin
Not photosynthetic
Nutrient molecules absorbed by osmosis
Both sexual and asexual reproduction
Most have mitochondria
Most prefer aerobic conditions
Protozoa ✅Eukaryotic
No cell wall
Not photosynthetic
Some absorb nutrient molecules by osmosis, others engulf food particles by
phagocytosis
Both sexual and asexual reproduction
Most have mitochondria
Most prefer aerobic conditions
Algae ✅Eukaryotic
Most have cell walls - cellulose
Photosynthetic
Both sexual and asexual reproduction
Most have mitochondria
Most prefer aerobic conditions
Produce oxygen and fix carbon dioxide
Bactera ✅Prokaryotic
Most have cell walls - peptidoglycan
Some are photosynthetic, most are not
Some can fix nitrogen
Wide variety of metabolic lifestyles
Lack true sexual reproduction
Many excrete enzymes to digest complex molecules
Some cause human disease
Archaea ✅Prokaryotic
Cell walls - protein or pseudopeptidoglycan
Wide variety of metabolic lifestyles
Some produce methane
Some are extremophiles (hyperthermophiles)
Lack true sexual reproduction
Do not excrete enzymes to digest complex molecules
Do not cause human disease
RNA polymerase is similar to eukaryotic enzymes
, Viruses ✅Not cellular
Smaller than the smallest known cells
Lack an active cell membrane
Lack ribosomes, etc. For protein synthesis
Lack ATP generating metabolism
Must be inside a host cell to reproduce
Genetic material can be DNA or RNA, ss or ds
Viroids ✅Infections particles seen in plants, similar to RNA viruses except they lack a
capsid
Prions ✅Infections particles
Lack nucleic acid
Altered forms of normal proteins that appear to be able to convert normal proteins to an
abnormal shape upon contact
Abnormal form of protein is associated with disease
Microbes are found... ✅wherever there is liquid water, an energy source, and carbon
Microbes are the basis of... ✅food chains
Microbes are essential for... ✅elemental recycling in the environment
4 questions drove the development of microbiology ✅1. Can living organisms arise by
spontaneous generation?
2. What causes fermentation?
3. What causes disease?
4. How can we prevent and treat infectious diseases?
Scientific method ✅1. Observations lead to the formation of a question
2. Create a hypothesis - a potential answer to the question
3. Design and conduct experiments to test the hypothesis
4. Based on the results of the experiments, the hypothesis is rejected, modified, or
accepted
Aristotle ✅350 BC
Living creatures can arise by sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction, and
spontaneous generation from non-living matter
Girolamo Fracostoro ✅1546
Germ theory of disease
Robert Hooke ✅1665
Describes tissue structure of cork, uses term "cell"
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