Patho Exam 1 NSG
533 Questions and
Complete Solutions
Graded A+
Denning [Date] [Course title]
,5 essential components of pathophysiology - Answer: 1. Etiology (the why of disease, the reason for it)
2. Epidemiology (risk factors and distributions in populations, incidence and prevalence in disease)
3. Pathogenesis (disease mechanisms; the sequence of events that occurs between the stimulus event
and the manifestations of the disease)
4. Clinical Manifestations (signs, symptoms, diagnostic criteria)
5. Outcomes (cure, remission, chronicity, death)
"unknown" etiology of disease - Answer: idiopathic and cryptogenic
Iatrogenic - Answer: etiology of disease as a result of surgical/medical intervention
Incidence - Answer: the new number of cases in a given population in a specific time period; 1 in 690
births - 1/690 x 100 = 0.14%
Prevalence - Answer: number of cases, both old and new, during a specific time period; 400,000 in a
population of 314 million - 400,000/314,000,000 x 100 = 0.13%
4 common mechanisms of cell injury and death - Answer: 1. ATP Depletion
2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals
3. intracellular calcium and loss of calcium state
4. defects in membrane permeability
The disease mechanism that is the basis of much of the disease today- and most of the cases involve
hypoxia. Refers to the inability of the cell to produce adequate energy to fuel normal activities of that
particular cell type (cell membrane pumps and protein synthesis) and function. - Answer: ATP deletion -
the inability of the cell to produce adequate energy
what are the two phases of ATP production? - Answer: 1. Aerobic (oxidative phosphorylation)
2. Anaerobic (glycolysis)
how many ATP does glycolysis yield? - Answer: 2
,How many ATP does oxidative phosphorylation yield? - Answer: 36
What is the most common method of impairing oxygen and ATP production? - Answer: Hypoxia -
respiratory abnormalities, flow problems such as ischemia, lack of sufficient hgb to carry (anemia), and
hemoglobinopathies
Can lead to irreversible cell injury directly through impairment of energy production in the cell. -
Answer: Ischemia
What are the cellular events that occur with ischemia-induced- hypoxic injury? - Answer: 1. Decreased
oxygen -> decreased ATP production within the mitochondria declines
2. The drop in ATP causes NA-K- ATPase pump on CM to fail. Na and Ca influx into the cell, K diffuses out
of the cell. Na and H20 enter freely into the cell.
3. Increase in water in cell causes cell and it's organelles to swell.
4. When RER swell it's ribosomes fall off and protein synthesis stops.
5. ATP production through phosphorylation declines and glycolysis (anaerobic metabolism) increases.
When glycolysis increases in the cell glycogen stores are depleted.
6. Glycolysis also produces lactic acid as by-product. Lactic acid increases and pH declines ( the cell
functions within narrow range of pH and even slight drop can incapacitate the cell).
7. Drop in pH causes clumping of nuclear material called pyknosis. Leads to fragmentation of the nuclear
material (karyorrhexis) and then to dissolution of nuclear membrane (karyolysis). Decline in pH - rupture
of already swollen lysosomes and release of proteolytic enzymes - autodigestion of cell contents and cell
membrane.
8. Disruption of CM also increases Ca+ influx into the cell and organelles - activate proteases,
endonucleases, and phospholipases that proceed to destroy the cell.
Pyknosis
Karyorrhexis
Karyolysis - Answer: Pyknosis - clumping of nuclear material from drop in pH
Karyorrhexis - fragmentation of the nuclear material
Karyolysis - dissolution of nuclear membrane
, Explain what happens when the Na-K-ATPase pump fails due to decreased ATP production - Answer:
normally, most sodium ions are outside the cell and most potassium ions are inside the cell
when the pump fails, sodium freely enters the cell with H2O and calcium, and potassium freely exits the
cell
as a result, the cell swells and and protein synthesis stops
where does protein synthesis occur in a cell? - Answer: Rough ER with ribosomes on the surface
explain what happens where there is an increase in glycolysis due to decreased ATP production -
Answer: glycogen is decreased, lactate is increased, intracellular pH is decreased
decreased pH results in pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis
Free Radicals - Answer: Unstable compounds with an unpaired electron in its outer ring. They have a
particular affinity for lipid substances. They combine avidly with cell or organelle membrane. "Drill a
hole" in the membrane of cell. They are normal byproducts of cellular metabolism, and they are always
present in the body.
why are free radicals bad? - Answer: they bind to the phospholipid bilayer of a cell and drill holes in its
membrane
Reactive oxygen species - Answer: Chemically reactive molecules that are formed as natural oxidant
species in cells during mitochondrial respiration and energy generation. Most sources come from the
mitochondria. Made during the process of making ATP.
Antioxidants - Answer: Remove free radicals and ROS from our system
Oxidative Stress - Answer: When free radicals are produced in amounts that overwhelm our
antioxidants or when antioxidants are decreased.
533 Questions and
Complete Solutions
Graded A+
Denning [Date] [Course title]
,5 essential components of pathophysiology - Answer: 1. Etiology (the why of disease, the reason for it)
2. Epidemiology (risk factors and distributions in populations, incidence and prevalence in disease)
3. Pathogenesis (disease mechanisms; the sequence of events that occurs between the stimulus event
and the manifestations of the disease)
4. Clinical Manifestations (signs, symptoms, diagnostic criteria)
5. Outcomes (cure, remission, chronicity, death)
"unknown" etiology of disease - Answer: idiopathic and cryptogenic
Iatrogenic - Answer: etiology of disease as a result of surgical/medical intervention
Incidence - Answer: the new number of cases in a given population in a specific time period; 1 in 690
births - 1/690 x 100 = 0.14%
Prevalence - Answer: number of cases, both old and new, during a specific time period; 400,000 in a
population of 314 million - 400,000/314,000,000 x 100 = 0.13%
4 common mechanisms of cell injury and death - Answer: 1. ATP Depletion
2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals
3. intracellular calcium and loss of calcium state
4. defects in membrane permeability
The disease mechanism that is the basis of much of the disease today- and most of the cases involve
hypoxia. Refers to the inability of the cell to produce adequate energy to fuel normal activities of that
particular cell type (cell membrane pumps and protein synthesis) and function. - Answer: ATP deletion -
the inability of the cell to produce adequate energy
what are the two phases of ATP production? - Answer: 1. Aerobic (oxidative phosphorylation)
2. Anaerobic (glycolysis)
how many ATP does glycolysis yield? - Answer: 2
,How many ATP does oxidative phosphorylation yield? - Answer: 36
What is the most common method of impairing oxygen and ATP production? - Answer: Hypoxia -
respiratory abnormalities, flow problems such as ischemia, lack of sufficient hgb to carry (anemia), and
hemoglobinopathies
Can lead to irreversible cell injury directly through impairment of energy production in the cell. -
Answer: Ischemia
What are the cellular events that occur with ischemia-induced- hypoxic injury? - Answer: 1. Decreased
oxygen -> decreased ATP production within the mitochondria declines
2. The drop in ATP causes NA-K- ATPase pump on CM to fail. Na and Ca influx into the cell, K diffuses out
of the cell. Na and H20 enter freely into the cell.
3. Increase in water in cell causes cell and it's organelles to swell.
4. When RER swell it's ribosomes fall off and protein synthesis stops.
5. ATP production through phosphorylation declines and glycolysis (anaerobic metabolism) increases.
When glycolysis increases in the cell glycogen stores are depleted.
6. Glycolysis also produces lactic acid as by-product. Lactic acid increases and pH declines ( the cell
functions within narrow range of pH and even slight drop can incapacitate the cell).
7. Drop in pH causes clumping of nuclear material called pyknosis. Leads to fragmentation of the nuclear
material (karyorrhexis) and then to dissolution of nuclear membrane (karyolysis). Decline in pH - rupture
of already swollen lysosomes and release of proteolytic enzymes - autodigestion of cell contents and cell
membrane.
8. Disruption of CM also increases Ca+ influx into the cell and organelles - activate proteases,
endonucleases, and phospholipases that proceed to destroy the cell.
Pyknosis
Karyorrhexis
Karyolysis - Answer: Pyknosis - clumping of nuclear material from drop in pH
Karyorrhexis - fragmentation of the nuclear material
Karyolysis - dissolution of nuclear membrane
, Explain what happens when the Na-K-ATPase pump fails due to decreased ATP production - Answer:
normally, most sodium ions are outside the cell and most potassium ions are inside the cell
when the pump fails, sodium freely enters the cell with H2O and calcium, and potassium freely exits the
cell
as a result, the cell swells and and protein synthesis stops
where does protein synthesis occur in a cell? - Answer: Rough ER with ribosomes on the surface
explain what happens where there is an increase in glycolysis due to decreased ATP production -
Answer: glycogen is decreased, lactate is increased, intracellular pH is decreased
decreased pH results in pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis
Free Radicals - Answer: Unstable compounds with an unpaired electron in its outer ring. They have a
particular affinity for lipid substances. They combine avidly with cell or organelle membrane. "Drill a
hole" in the membrane of cell. They are normal byproducts of cellular metabolism, and they are always
present in the body.
why are free radicals bad? - Answer: they bind to the phospholipid bilayer of a cell and drill holes in its
membrane
Reactive oxygen species - Answer: Chemically reactive molecules that are formed as natural oxidant
species in cells during mitochondrial respiration and energy generation. Most sources come from the
mitochondria. Made during the process of making ATP.
Antioxidants - Answer: Remove free radicals and ROS from our system
Oxidative Stress - Answer: When free radicals are produced in amounts that overwhelm our
antioxidants or when antioxidants are decreased.
