When one variable causes change in another, we call the first variable the ___________________
variable*. - ANSWER - When one variable causes change in another, we call the first variable the
explanatory variable*.
The affected variable is called the _______________ variable*.
The affected variable is called the response variable*.
In a randomized experiment, the researcher manipulates values of the explanatory variable and
measures the resulting changes in the response variable. The different values of the explanatory variable
are called treatments. An experimental unit is a single object or individual to be measured.
A two-way table, also known as a two-way frequency table or contingency table, is used to show the
relationship between two ______________________variables ( C→C ); the rows show the categories of
one variable, and the columns show the categories of the other variable. - ANSWER - categorical
variables ( C→C )
A study is conducted on the possible relationship between blood pressure and hemoglobin A1c. Which
numerical measure is appropriate?
A. Standard deviation
B. Five-number summary
C. Correlation coefficient
D. Conditional percentages - ANSWER - C. Correlation coefficient
A physician collects retrospective data from smoking and nonsmoking patients to determine the
relationship between smoking and lung cancer.
Results Lung Cancer No Lung Cancer Total
Smoker 77% 23% 100%
pg. 1
,Non-Smoker 22% 78% 100%
Which data indicate the relationship between smoking and lung cancer?
A. Nonsmokers are less likely to have lung cancer than smokers because 23% is less than 77%.
B. Smokers are more likely to have lung cancer than nonsmokers because 23% is greater than 22%.
C. Nonsmokers are less likely to have lung cancer than smokers because 78% is greater than 77%.
D. Smokers are more likely than nonsmokers to have lung cancer because 77% is greater than 22%. -
ANSWER - D. Smokers are more likely than nonsmokers to have lung cancer because 77% is greater than
22%.
Question #42: A researcher found the following results when studying the number of patients who
survived surgery at two different hospitals.
Hospital A Hospital B
Died 3% 2%
Survived 97% 98%
What is true about the relationship between the survival rate and the hospital?
A. Hospital B has a higher survival rate because 98% is higher than 97%.
B. Hospital A has a higher survival rate because 3% is higher than 2%.
C. Hospital B has a higher survival rate because 98% is higher than 2%.
D. Hospital A has a higher survival rate because 97% is higher than 3%. - ANSWER - A. Hospital B has a
higher survival rate because 98% is higher than 97%.
______________________. These represent the total number of instances that fall in both the
corresponding row and header.
The data in the green cells show _______________________________. These are equal to the sum of
the number of individuals in the corresponding row or column. - ANSWER - The cells in yellow show joint
frequencies*. These represent the total number of instances that fall in both the corresponding row and
header.
For example, data in the "Male" row and "With Autism" column counts the number of males with
autism.
pg. 2
, The data in the green cells show marginal frequencies*. These are equal to the sum of the number of
individuals in the corresponding row or column. For example, data in the "Totals" column and "Female"
row shows the total number of females in the study. It may be helpful to remember that marginal
frequencies appear in the margins of the table.
The bottom, right cell (in both the "Totals" column and the "Totals" row) measures the total number of
individuals in the study.
The relationship between two variables that are both quantitative can be displayed in a
__________________________. - ANSWER - scatterplot;
As we've seen earlier, every point on a coordinate plane can be represented by an ordered pair*, ( x , y ).
Here, the x -value is typically the _________________variable's value for a piece of data, and the y -
value is the corresponding value for the ________________________variable. A simple way to
remember this fact is that the term "explanatory" has an " x " in it. - ANSWER - explanatory variable;
response variable
Side-by-side box plots are a good choice for two-variable data where the explanatory variable is
____________ data and the response variable is ____________ data. - ANSWER - Categorical
Quantitative
Which variable, explanatory or response, is displayed on the x -axis on side-by-side boxplots? - ANSWER -
Side-by-side boxplots can be horizontal or vertical, so either variable (explanatory or response) can be
displayed on the x -axis.
A scatterplot is a good choice to display two-variable data that are both __________ variables. - ANSWER
- Quantitative
The relationship between the x -variable and the y -variable is called _____________. - ANSWER -
Correlation
What determines the location of a dot on a scatterplot? - ANSWER - A dot is placed on a scatterplot
according to its
pg. 3
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