Summary
Summary Path 370 Midterm Review
- Course
- PATH 370
- Institution
- West Coast University
This is a comprehensive and detailed summary in preparation for midterm midterm exams for Path 370. *Essential!! * For effective study!! *For you!!
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WCU Midterm Review 2020: Pathophysiology1. Tertiary prevention example like counseling on medications.
2. Latent (Incubation) vs. Prodromal in an example
a. Latent: 1st Stage: Time elapsed between exposure and from when S&S are first
apparent
b. Prodromal: The period of appearance of first s&S indicating the onset of a disease
3. Endemic: A disease that is native to a local region
4. Subclinical: Patient starts to function normally and has no symptoms or noticeable
symptoms
5. Etiology: Study or cause of a disease
6. Altering susceptibility; reducing exposure for susceptible persons. (Patient education,
Vaccines)
7. Allostasis: Ability of the body to successfully adapt to challenges
8. Hormones secreted during the stress response:
a. Epinephrine and Norepinephrine: Increase cardiac output, increase realease of
glucose in the liver (glyconeolysis), and increase bronchodilation
b. Cortisol (from adrenal cortex)
c. Aldosterone: Reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium..Volume
expansion and increase B.P
d. Endorphins and Enkephalins (released by central n. syst. In response to pain
stressors; leading to decreased perception of pain and increased sedation and
euphoria
e. Sex Hormone: affect stress response and influence allostasis…may explain
gender differences
f. Immune Cytokines (interleukin-1): enhances immune response..prolonged stress
can suppress functioning
g. GH (enhance immune func.),Prolactin(milk prod.), Oxytocin(contractions @
birth)
9. Selye’s three phases of stress: Alarm fight or flight-energy and repair, Resistance
(Adaptation) returning to homeostasis- Allostasis, and Exhaustion (Allostasis overload)
10. Sympathetic nervous system mediated by norepinephrine
,11. Intracellular Accumulation Types: Excessive accumulations of normal substances,
abnormal substances from faulty metabolism or synthesis, and pigments and partcles
that cells are unable to degrade.
12. Cellular Adaptation Types:
a. Atrophy (Decrease in size).. Disuse, Denervation, ischemia (cast around arm etc..)
b. Hypertrophy (Increase in size).. Increased cell protein content
c. Hyperplasia (Cell # increase).. Increase in functional activity
d. Metaplasia (Conversion of one cell type to another).. adapt. to persistent injury
e. Dysplasia (Disorderly growth).. Preneoplastic
13. Types of Necrosis (Irreversible): Inflammatory Response
a. Coagulative: Heart
b. Liquefactive: Brain, degradative enzymes- lysosymes
c. Fat: Pamcreas, chalky white area
d. Caseous: Lungs, Tb, clumpy cheese
14. Apoptosis: is cell death resulting from activation of intracellular signaling cascades..does
NOT cause inflammation
15. Side effects of chemotherapy include anemia, nausea, bleeding, and infections
16. Cancer terminology: oma, carcinoma, and sarcoma:
a. – oma: Benign (Adenoma)
b. -Carcinoma & -Sarcoma: Malignant
i. Carcinoma: epithelial region
ii. Sarcoma: Mesenchymal (Nerve, bones, muscles)
iii. Leukemia: WBC
17. Grading vs. Staging:
a. Staging: location, size, growth, organ involvement and distant metastasis
b. Grading: Histologic charct., degree of anaplasia
18. Deficits in immune system function in cancer: chemotherapy, cancer cells, cancer
metastasis to bone marrow, and malnutrition
19. Tumor marker functions: produced by normal cells, help determine cancer origin, help
identify progression of cancer, and include prostatic-specific antigen
20. Hypersensitivies:
, a. Type 1 (Atopic, Anaphalytic): Mediated by IgE, Mast cells degranulation, 15-30
min peak, Causes- ( T-cell def, Environ factors, Abnormal mediator feedb), Bee
sting, allergic reaction, and rhinitis.
b. Type 2 (Cytotoxic): Mediated by IgG or IgM, ABO transfusions, hemolytic
disease of nb, myasthenia gravis, and Graves Disease, Exposure to Ag or foreign
tissue, cells, or graft
c. Type 3: mediated by IgG and complement, peak at 6+ hrs, Persistent infection,
extrinsic environmentalmAg, Autoimmunity. Manefestations- Immune Complex
Glomerulonephritis, SLE,
d. Type 4 (Delayed): mediated by CD4+ Th1 or Th2 cells, CD8+ cells, peak 24-
48hrs, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, pustular psoriasis
21. Know all information on the following:
a. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML): myeloproliferative disorder that primarily
affects adults, has an insidious onset, and responds poorly to chemotherapy. Most
cases of CML are characterized by the presence of a gene translocation
(Philadelphia chromosome) that produces a fusion gene called bcr-abl
b. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): Primarily in children (childhood
disorder), Abrupt Ø Bone pain, bruising, fever, infection…Malignant disorder of
lymphoid cell lineage
22. Autologous vs Allogenic
a. Autologous: stem cells from patients own blood to be reinfused
b. Allogenic: stem cells from closely matched relative
23. Transfusion reactions involve RBC destruction caused by recipient antibodies
24. Red blood cells have no cytoplasmic organelles
25. Iron deficiency has low MCHC, MCH, and MCV
26. Carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream as bicarbonate ion
27. Bilirubin can detect excessive red blood cell lysis
28. Kidneys produce erythropoietin
29. Iron is necessary for red blood cell production
30. Vitamin K deficiency: normal bleeding time, normal platelet count, increased PT and
INR
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