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SCN1111 - Blood. Exam Latest Update
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SCN1111 - Blood. Exam Latest UpdateTransport function of blood - Answer · O2 from lungs & nutrients from the digestive tract
⇒ body cells
· Metabolic waste ⇒ sites of elimination e.g. CO2 to lungs
· Hormones ⇒ target organs.
Regulation function of blood - Answer Maintains body temperature - heat is absorbed &
distributed around body and to surface of the skin.
Maintains pH in body tissues - blood protein & other bloodborne solutes act as buffers to
abrupt or excessive changes in blood pH.
Maintains fluid volume in the circulatory system - blood proteins prevent excessive fluid
loss from the bloodstream into the tissue spaces.
- As a result, the fluid volume in the blood vessels remains ample to support efficient
blood circulation to all body parts.
Protective function of blood? - Answer · Prevent Blood Loss (protein & platelets used for
clotting)
· Prevent infection (carries antibodies & leukocytes)
Describe the physical characteristics of whole blood. - Answer · Specialised connective
tissue formed in red bone marrow.
· Stick, opaque and metallic tasting.
· Colour: Oxygen-rich blood: scarlet & oxygen-poor blood: deep red.
Describe the composition and physical characteristics of whole blood. - Answer ·
Plasma: non-living
· Formed elements: living components. 2 parts: [<1%] Buffy coat: Leukocytes & Platelets
& [45%] Erythrocytes: Red blood.
Composition & functions of plasma. - Answer · Specialised connective tissue formed red
bone marrow.
· Function: immunity, blood clotting, maintaining blood pressure, blood volume, and pH
balance in the body.
· Composition: 90% water, proteins (Albumin & globulins), clotting factors, non-proteins,
nutrients, electrolytes, gases & other (enzymes, antigens, antibodies, hormones)
Describe the structure of erythrocytes - Answer · Biconcave shape
, · Incomplete cell.
· No nucleus or organelles
· Contain haemoglobin
· A lifespan of about 120 days
What benefits to Erythrocyte's shape? - Answer · increased surface-to-volume ratio
· cytoplasm close to the membrane
· ability to squeeze through small vessel
Function of erythrocytes - Answer · Transport oxygen - picks up O from lung capillaries
and releases to tissue cells across the body
· Remove carbon dioxide - transports to lungs
· Maintain pH
How are Erythrocytes formed? - Answer · Formed in red bone marrow, under the control
of Erythropoietin, come from hematopoietic stem cells
Describe the composition of haemoglobin. - Answer · 4 Heme groups - red pigment
bound by protein globin.
· At central iron ion @ each heme group
· Globin protein - 4 polypeptide chains each binding heme group
Describe role of haemoglobin in oxygen transport - Answer O2 loading occurs in the
lungs - oxygen-deficient blood moves through the lungs & oxygen diffuses from air sacs
into the blood: oxyhemoglobin (ruby red)
Carbon dioxide loading occurs in the tissues, and the direction of transport is from
tissues to the lungs, where carbon dioxide is eliminated from the body
Releases oxygen to cells
approx. 20% carbon dioxide transported in the blood combines with hemoglobin, but it
binds to globin's amino acids - Carbaminohemoglobin.
· O2 unloading occurs in tissues - oxygen detaches from Fe & produces
deoxyhemoglobin (dark red)
What the production of blood cells called & where does it occur? - Answer ·
Haematopoiesis: Blood cell formation - occurs in red bone marrow.
What are committed cells? - Answer · Committed cell: A blood cell precursor whose path
of specialisation is determined
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