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2024 WGU PATHOPHYSIOLOGY REAL FINAL LATEST EXAM WITH QUESTIONS AND DETAILED CORRECT ANSWERS [ALREADY GRADED A+] //PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2024 GURANTEED PASS [BRAND NEW!!]$21.04
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2024 WGU PATHOPHYSIOLOGY REAL FINAL LATEST EXAM WITH QUESTIONS AND DETAILED CORRECT ANSWERS [ALREADY GRADED A+] //PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2024 GURANTEED PASS [BRAND NEW!!]
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Course
2024 WGU PATHOPHYSIOLOGY REAL
Institution
2024 WGU PATHOPHYSIOLOGY REAL
2024 WGU PATHOPHYSIOLOGY REAL
FINAL LATEST EXAM WITH
QUESTIONS AND DETAILED
CORRECT ANSWERS [ALREADY
GRADED A+] //PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
2024 GURANTEED PASS [BRAND
NEW!!]
The anion gap is the difference between measured cations (Na+ and K+) and
measured anions (Cl- and HCO3-), this calcula...
2024 WGU PATHOPHYSIOLOGY REAL
FINAL LATEST EXAM 2024-2025 WITH
QUESTIONS AND DETAILED
CORRECT ANSWERS [ALREADY
GRADED A+] //PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
2024 GURANTEED PASS [BRAND
NEW!!]
The anion gap is the difference between measured cations (Na+ and K+) and
measured anions (Cl- and HCO3-), this calculation can be useful in determining
the cause of metabolic acidosis. Why would an increased anion gap be observed in
diabetic ketoacidosis or lactic acidosis? - ANSWER-The anion gap is the
calculation of unmeasured anions in the blood. Lactic acid and ketones both lead to
the production of unmeasured anions, which remove HCO3- (a measured anion)
due to buffering of the excess H+ and therefore leads to an increase in the AG.
What is a "carrier" in recessive genetic diseases? - ANSWER-The human genome
contains 23 pairs of chromosomes (22 autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes).
The pairs are homologous and contain the same genes in the same order. This
,means that every gene has a copy, one inherited from your mother and the other
from your father. Not all versions of a gene (alleles) are treated the same by the
cell. Some are expressed over others. A dominant gene is a gene that is expressed,
even if you only have one copy. The dominant gene will be expressed over the
recessive gene, which must have two copies to be expressed. In a dominant genetic
disease, all it takes is one copy of the disease to have the disease. Recessive genetic
diseases require that the individual gets two copies of the gene to have the disease.
Describe how calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, and calcitriol (Vitamin D) work
together to maintain normal blood calcium levels. - ANSWER-Vitamin D: UV
light stimulates formation of cholecalciferol, which is hydroxylated in the liver and
the kidney into the active form of Vitamin D, calcitriol. Calcitriol stimulates
absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the GI tract in the intestine and
phosphate in the kidney. Calcitriol increases the calcification of osteoid.
Describe how to determine the probability of clinical outcomes given information
about the parents (e.g. two heterozygous carriers of sickle cell disease). -
ANSWER-Punnett Squares can be used to determine the potential probabilities of
certain traits being passed to offspring. If you know the genotypes of each parent
(i.e. homozygous or heterozygous for the trait), you can determine the possible
outcomes. Heterozygous means that the parent has one copy of each gene,
homozygous means the parent has the same copy for each gene (either both
dominant genes or both recessive genes).
What are some of the consequences of alcohol exposure in pregnancy? -
ANSWER-ND-PAE (neurobehavioral disorder-prenatal alcohol exposure) can
cause birth defects and developmental disabilities (fetal alcohol spectrum
disorders-FASDs). Affects thinking and memory, causes behavioral issues and
linked to trouble with everyday functioning
What are some of the distinctive features associated with trisomy 21, or Down's
Syndrome? Why is increased maternal age a risk factor? - ANSWER-Distinct
,features of Down's syndrome include intellectual disabilities and common physical
features that include slanted eyes, flattened bridge of the nose and forehead, short
in stature, poor muscle tone, loose joints and single palmar crease. As a woman's
eggs age, they can have mistakes in meiosis potentially leading to a nondisjunction
event causing trisomy 21
What is Spina Bifida? Why are relative deficiencies in Folic acid or B12 associated
with Spina Bifida? - ANSWER-Failure to close the neural tube early in gestation
due to low folic acid and B-12. These vitamins help activate DNA synthesis in the
developing fetus in the first 4 weeks of pregnancy, that are responsible for closing
up the spinal column.
Three types of spina bifida.
1) spina bifida occulta (most common, less severe)
2) Meningocele (least common)
3) Myelomeningocele (most severe).
Why is it important to maintain a homeostatic balance of glucose in the blood (ie
describe the pathogenesis of diabetes)? - ANSWER-Insulin is the hormone
responsible for initiating the uptake of glucose by the cells. Cells use glucose to
produce energy (ATP). In a normal individual, when blood glucose increases, the
pancreas is signaled to produced in insulin, which binds to insulin receptors on a
cells surface and initiates the uptake of glucose. Glucose is a very reactive
molecule and if left in the blood, it can start to bind to other proteins and lipids,
which can lead to loss of function. AGEs are advanced glycation end products that
are a result of glucose reacting with the endothelial lining, which can lead to
damage in the heart and kidneys.
Compare and contrast Type I and Type II Diabetes - ANSWER-Type I diabetes is
caused by lack of insulin. Without insulin signaling, glucose will not be taken into
the cell and leads to high blood glucose (hyperglycemia). Type I is usually treated
with insulin injections.
, Type II diabetes is caused by a desensitization to insulin signaling. The insulin
receptors are no longer responding to insulin, which also leads to hyperglycemia.
Type II is usually treated with drugs to increase the sensitization to insulin
(metformin), dietary and life-style changes or insulin injections.
Describe some reasons for a patient needing dialysis - ANSWER-AEIOU-acidosis.
Electrolytes, Intoxication/Ingestion, overload, uremia. Patients with kidney or heart
failure.
A build up of phosphates, urea and magnesium are removed from the blood using a
semi-permeable membrane and dialysate.
AEIOU:
A—acidosis;
E—electrolytes principally hyperkalemia;
I—ingestions or overdose of medications/drugs;
O—overload of fluid causing heart failure;
U—uremia leading to encephalitis/pericarditis
What is Starling's Law of Capillary forces? How does this explain why a
nutritionally deficient child would have edema? - ANSWER-Starling's Law
describes how fluids move across the capillary membrane. There are two major
opposing forces that act to balance each other, hydrostatic pressure (pushing water
out of the capillaries) and osmotic pressure (including oncontic pressure, which
pushes fluid into the capillaries).
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